Publishing Institution:

Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center

The Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (Shorenstein APARC) addresses critical issues affecting the countries of Asia, their regional and global affairs, and U.S.-Asia relations. As Stanford University’s hub for the interdisciplinary study of contemporary Asia, we produce policy-relevant research, provide education and training to students, scholars, and practitioners, and strengthen dialogue and cooperation between counterparts in the Asia-Pacific and the United States.
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Resources:

• June 29, 2020 Intended and Unintended Consequences of a New Limit on Working Hours in South Korea: Implications for Precarious Employment
  By: Sungchul Park, Hansoo Ko
• June 22, 2020 COVID-19 Incidence and the Timing of Quarantine Measures and Travel Restrictions: A Cross-country Analysis
  By: Marjorie Pajaron
• January 01, 2020 Exploring India's Strategic Futures
  By: Arzan Tarapore
• October 18, 2019 Healing One-fifth of Humanity: Progress and Challenges for China’s Health System
  By: Karen Eggleston
• January 17, 2019 Weathering the Storm: Weather Shocks and International Migrants from the Philippines
  By: Marjorie Pajaron
• January 01, 2019 Civil Wars, Intrastate Violence, and International Responses
  By: Todd Richardson
• December 10, 2018 How Individuals’ Birth Weight and Later Risk Factors Interact to Determine Their Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Study in the Philippines
  By: Marjorie Pajaron
• December 07, 2018 The Impact of Energy Access on Mothers’ Health, Labor, and Time Allocation
  By: Marjorie Pajaron
• November 23, 2018 The Impact of Adolescents’ Risky Health Behaviors on Their Later Economic Outcomes
  By: Marjorie Pajaron
• October 24, 2018 Break Through: Women in Silicon Valley, Womenomics in Japan Final Report
  By: Asia-Pacific Research Center
• July 01, 2018 Taiwan's Place in the Evolving Security Environment of East Asia
  By: Kharis Templeman
• April 20, 2018 Selective Mortality and the Long-term Effects of Early-life Exposure to Natural Disasters
  By: Margaret Triyana, Xing Xia
• April 20, 2018 Dual Practice of Public Hospital Physicians in Vietnam
  By: Ngan Do, Young Kyung Do
• April 20, 2018 Economic Dimensions of Personalized and Precision Medicine in Asia: Evidence from Breast Cancer Treatment in Taiwan
  By: Karen Eggleston, Jui-fen Rachel Lu
• April 03, 2018 Organizing Old Age Pensions for India’s Informal Workers: A Case Study of a Sector-Driven Approach
  By: M.R. Narayana
• January 17, 2018 Rural-Urban Disparities in the Utilization of Mental Health Inpatient Services in China: The Role of Health Insurance
  By: Junfang Xu, Jian Wang, Madeleine King, Ruiyun Liu, Fenghua Yu, Jinshui Xing, Lei Su, Mingshan Lu
• January 11, 2018 Substance Abuse Policy in Thailand: Current Challenges and Future Strategies
  By: Darika Saingam
• January 01, 2018 From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation and Linkage
  By: Gi-Wook Shin, Rennie Moon
• January 01, 2018 Artificial Intelligence: The Algorithmic Revolution Driving the Next Industrial Transformation
  By: Kenji E. Kushida
• January 01, 2018 Abenomics and Japan's Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Is the Third Arrow Pointed in the Right Direction for Global Competition in the Digital Era of Silicon Valley?
  By: Kenji E. Kushida
• January 01, 2018 ASEAN @ 50, Southeast Asia @ Risk: What Should Be Done?
  By: Asia-Pacific Research Center
• June 01, 2017 The Seventeenth Korea-U.S. West Coast Strategic Forum
  By: Asia-Pacific Research Center
• June 01, 2017 Analyzing the Structure and Performance of Kim Jong-un's Regime
  By: Asia-Pacific Research Center
• March 01, 2017 South Korea Votes for Change: What It Means for the United States
  By: Daniel Sneider
• September 05, 2014 Countering Sanctions: The Unequal Geographic Impact of Economic Sanctions in North Korea
  By: Yong Suk Lee
• September 05, 2014 The Next Epoch in Cloud Computing: Implications for Integrated Research and Innovation Strategy
  By: John Zysman, Kenji E. Kushida, Jonathan Murray, Patrick Scaglia
• June 05, 2014 Implementing Structural Reforms in Abenomics: How to Reduce the Cost of Doing Business in Japan
  By: Jamal Ibrahim Haidar, Takeo Hoshi
• June 05, 2014 Strategies and Public Propositions in Games of Institutional Change, Comparative Historical Cases
  By: Masahiko Aoki
• January 05, 2014 People with Disabilities in a Changing North Korea
  By: Katharina Zellweger
• September 05, 2013 Patient Copayments, Provider Incentives and Income Effects: Theory and Evidence from China's Essential Medications List Policy
  By: Brian K. Chen
• August 05, 2013 Empirical Investigation of Declining Childbirth: Psychosocial and Economic Conditions in Japan
  By: Tetsuji Yamada, Chia-Ching Chen, Chie Hanaoka, Seiritsu Ogura
• July 05, 2013 The Roles of Gender and Education on the Intrahousehold Allocations of Remittances of Filipino Migrant Workers
  By: Marjorie Pajaron
• June 05, 2013 The Tenth Korea-U.S. West Coast Strategic Forum
  By: Walter H. Shorenstein
• February 05, 2012 Emerging Infectious Disease Surveillance in Southeast Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Naval Area Medical Research Unit 2
  By: Sophal Ear
• January 05, 2012 Pharmaceutical Price Regulation: Macro-Level Evidence from China between 1997 and 2008
  By: Qiong Zhang, Binzhen Wu, Xue Qiao
• December 05, 2011 Do Chinese Really Save Too Much? Aspects from Total Factor Productivity Growth in China since 1952
  By: Qiong Zhang, Chong-En Bai
• October 05, 2011 Coordinations Under Large Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Fukushima Catastrophe
  By: Masahiko Aoki, Geoffrey Rothwell
• July 05, 2011 The Changing Governance of Higher Education in India
  By: Rafiq Dossani, Martin Carnoy
• May 05, 2011 Social Media in the Workplace
  By: Rafiq Dossani
• April 05, 2011 Recalibration of the Framingham Equations in the Thai Population
  By: Panrasri Khonputsa, JL Veerman, M Bertram, S Yamwong, P Vathesatogkit, SS Lim, T Vos
• December 05, 2010 Prevention and Control of Chronic Non-communicable Disease in Nine Pacific Rim Cities
  By: Karen Eggleston, Meng Kin Lin, Kun Chen, Yunxian Yu, Sung-Il Cho, Sian Griffiths, EK Yeoh, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Masamine Jimba, Carl Anderson Johnson, Paula Palmer, Vu-Anh Le, Huu-Bich Tran, Ngoc-Quang La, Bambang Wispriyono
• November 05, 2010 The Effect of Coresidence with an Adult Child on Depressive Symptoms among Older Widowed Women in South Korea: An Instrumental Variable Estimation
  By: Young Kyung Do, Chetna Malhotra
• November 05, 2010 The Imbalance between Patient Needs and the Limited Competence of Top-Level Health Providers in Urban China: An Empirical Study
  By: Qunhong Shen, Liyang Tang, Yilin Feng, Jenny Tang
• October 05, 2010 Perverse Incentives in the Chinese Health System and Assessment of the April 2009 Reform
  By: Meghan Bruce
• September 05, 2010 Patient Preferences, Concerns, and Satisfaction with Providers before the Chinese Urban Health System Reform: A Social Groups Analysis
  By: Qunhong Shen, Liyang Tang
• July 05, 2010 Longevity, Capital Formation and Economic Development
  By: Qiong Zhang
• July 05, 2010 Catastrophic Payments and Impoverishment Due to Out-of-Pocket Health Spending: The Effects of Recent Health Sector Reforms in India
  By: Soumitra Ghosh
• June 05, 2010 Health Expenditures in Pakistan: Cross-Checking Household Expenditure Data on Health for NHA and Adjustment with National Accounts
  By: Christian Lorenz
• May 05, 2010 Strict Liability for Medical Injuries? The Impact of Increasing Malpractice Liability on Obstetrician Behavior: Evidence from Taiwan
  By: Brian Chen
• May 05, 2010 Understanding the Expansion and Quality of Engineering Education in India (draft)
  By: Rafiq Dossani, Martin Carnoy, Jandhyala Tilak
• December 05, 2009 Principal-Agent Problems in Health Care: Evidence from Prescribing Patterns of Private Providers in Vietnam
  By:
• November 05, 2009 Pandemic Influenza and the Globalization of Public Health
  By: Karen Eggleston, Qiong Zhang, Michele Barry
• October 05, 2009 Striking the Right Balance: Economic Concentration and Local Government Performance in Indonesia and the Philippines
  By: Christian von Luebke
• September 05, 2009 The Emerging Role of Private Health Care Provision in China
  By: Cunrui Huang, Haocai Liang, Cordia Chu, Shannon Rutherford, Qingshan Geng
• August 05, 2009 Out-of-pocket household health expenditures and their use in National Health Accounts: Evidence from Pakistan
  By: Christian Lorenz
• April 05, 2009 Comparing Public and Private Hospitals in China: Evidence from Guangdong
  By: Karen Eggleston, Mingshan Lu, Congdong Li, Jian Wang, Zhe Yang, Jing Zhang
• March 05, 2009 Soft budget constraints in China: Evidence from the Guangdong hospital industry
  By: Karen Eggleston, Mingshan Lu, Congdong Li, Jian Wang, Zhe Yang, Jing Zhang, Yu-Chu Shen
• March 05, 2009 Does your health care depend on how your insurer pays providers? Variation in utilization and outcomes in Thailand
  By: Sanita Hirunrassamee, Sauwakon Ratanawijitrasin
• March 05, 2009 The healer or the druggist: Effects of two health care policies in Taiwan on elderly patients' choice between physician and pharmacist services
  By: Kang-Hung Chang
• March 05, 2009 Allocation of control rights and cooperation efficiency in public-private partnerships: Theory and evidence from the Chinese pharmaceutical industry
  By: Zhe Zhang, Ming Jia, Difang Wan
• February 05, 2009 Aging Risk and Health Care Cost in Korea
  By: Byong Ho Tchoe, Sang-Ho Nam
• February 05, 2009 Crisis and Consensus; America and ASEAN in a New Global Context
  By: Donald K. Emmerson
• December 05, 2008 The Effect of Informal Caregiving on Labor Market Outcomes in South Korea
  By: Young Kyung Do
• December 05, 2008 Has the Use of Physician Gatekeepers Declined among HMOs? Evidence from the United States
  By: Hai Fang, Hong Liu, John A. Rizzo
• October 05, 2008 Incentives in China's Healthcare Delivery System
  By: Karen Eggleston
• June 05, 2008 The Political Economy of Successful Reform: Asian Stratagems
  By: Dennis Arroyo
• February 05, 2008 Early-Stage Valuation in the Biotechnology Industry
  By: Vinay Ranade
• January 05, 2008 Decision Factors Affecting Semiconductor Industry Location and the Regional Advantages of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
  By: Kyoko Ii
• July 05, 2007 Bound by a Hidden Agenda: The Birth and Consequences of the Bank of Japan's Quantitative Monetary Easing
  By: Tetsufumi Arita
• April 05, 2007 Investing in China's Rural Infrastructure and Environment
  By: Scott Rozelle
• March 05, 2007 Information, Incentives and Institutions: Experimenting with Private-Public Partnerships to Link the Poor with Modern Supply Chains
  By: Jikun Huang, Johan Swinnen, Marcel Fafchamps, Tom Reardon, Bart Minten, Scott Rozelle
• February 05, 2007 Managing Pest Resistance in Fragmented Farms: An Analysis of the Risk of Bt Cotton in China and its Zero Refuge Strategy and Beyond
  By: Fangbin Qiao, Jim Wilen, Jikun Huang
• February 05, 2007 When Dragons and Kangaroos Trade: China's Rapid Economic Growth and Its Implications for China and Australia
  By: Jikun Huang, Jun Yang, Scott Rozelle
• February 05, 2007 Irrigation Water Pricing Policy in China
  By: Jikun Huang, Qiuqiong Huang, Richard Howitt, Jinxia Wang
• February 05, 2007 Water User Associations and the Evolution and Determinants of Management Reform: A Representative Look at Northern China
  By: Jikun Huang, Qiuqiong Huang, Jinxia Wang, Scott Rozelle
• February 05, 2007 Water Management Reform and the Choice of Contractual Form in China
  By: Siwa Msangi, Qiuqiong Huang, Jinxia Wang, Jikin Huang, Scott Rozelle
• February 05, 2007 Program for the Study of Biofuels, Poverty and Food Security
  By: Jikun Huang, Mark Rosengrant, Rosamond Naylor, Walter P. Falcon, David Victor, Kenneth Cassman, Scott Rozelle
• January 05, 2007 Vote of Confidence, A? Voting Protocol and Participation in China's Village Elections
  By: Xiaopeng Pang, Scott Rozelle
• January 05, 2007 Village Elections, Public Goods Investments and Pork Barrel Politics, Chinese-style
  By: Jikun Huang, Renfru Luo, Linxiu Zhang, Scott Rozelle
• January 05, 2007 The Role of Agriculture in China's Development: Past Failures, Present Successes and Future Challenges
  By: Jikun Huang, Keijiro Otsuka, Scott Rozelle
• January 05, 2007 Why Did the Communist Party Reform in China, But Not in the Soviet Union? The Political Economy of Agricultural Transition
  By: Johan Swinnen, Scott Rozelle
• January 05, 2007 Water price policy analysis in China:An experimental approach
  By: Jikun Huang, Qiuqiong Huang, Jinxia Wang, Jun Xia, Scott Rozelle, Dean Karlan
• October 05, 2006 Southeast Asian-Pacific Frameworks: What Do They Frame and What Work Do They Do?
  By: Donald Emmerson
• February 05, 2006 Food Security in North Korea: Designing Realistic Possibilities
  By: Randall Ireson
• September 05, 2005 Origins and Growth of the Software Industry in India
  By: Rafiq Dossani
• March 05, 2005 What Do the Blind-sided See? Reapproaching Regionalism in Southeast Asia
  By: Donald K. Emmerson
• March 05, 2005 Indian Federalism and the Conduct of Foreign Policy in Border States: State Participation and Central Accommodation since 1990
  By: Rafiq Dossani, Srinidhi Vijaykumar
• January 05, 2005 Democracy, History, and Migrant Labor in South Korea
  By: Hyun Park
• November 05, 2004 Prospects Brighten for Long-term Peace in South Asia
  By: Rafiq Dossani
• March 05, 2004 Power Sector Reforms in India: Issues Relating to Agriculture
  By: Rafiq Dossani
• November 05, 2003 Went for Cost, Stayed for Quality?: Moving the Back Office to India
  By: Rafiq Dossani, Martin Kenney
• October 05, 2003 Emerging Third Stage Peri-Urbanization: Functional Specialization in the Hangzhou Peri-Urban Region
  By: Douglas Webster, Jianming Cai, Binyi Luo, Larisa Muller
• October 05, 2003 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Urban Dynamics in Chengdu, 1975–2002
  By: Douglas Webster, Jianming Cai, Binyi Luo, Annemarie Schneider, Karen C. Seto
• September 05, 2003 Tax Reforms for Enhancing the Stable Development of the Chinese Financial System
  By: Lawrence J. Lau, Guijuan Wang
• July 05, 2003 Farmer's Willingness to Pay for Power in India
  By: Rafiq Dossani, V. Ranganathan
• June 05, 2003 The Politics of China's Shareholding System
  By: Mary Comerford Cooper
• April 05, 2003 Local Governments and the Chinese Stock Market
  By: Mary Comerford Cooper
• April 05, 2003 Addressing the North Korea Nuclear Challenge
  By: Michael H. Armacost, Daniel I. Okimoto, Gi-Wook Shin
• April 05, 2003 Sociological Dimensions of China's Economic Transition: Organization, Stratification, and Social Mobility
  By: Andrew G. Walder
• April 05, 2003 International Organizations and Democratization: Testing the Effect of GATT/WTO Membership
  By: Mary Comerford Cooper
• April 05, 2003 Politics and Property in Transitional Economies: A Theory of Elite Opportunity
  By: Andrew G. Walder
• January 05, 2003 The Paradox of Korean Globalization
  By: Gi-Wook Shin
• December 05, 2002 Political Office, Kinship, and Household Wealth in Rural China
  By: Andrew G. Walder, Litao Zhao
• October 05, 2002 From Keiretsu to Startups: Japan's Push for High Tech Entrepreneurship
  By: Henry Rowen, A. Maria Toyoda
• September 05, 2002 The Growth of Broadband Internet Connections in South Korea: Contributing Factors
  By: Kyounglim Yun, Heejin Lee, So-Hye Lim
• August 05, 2002 Inaugural Oksenberg Lecture: The United States and China: A President's Perspective. An address by Jimmy Carter
  By: Jimmy Carter
• July 05, 2002 Privatization and Elite Mobility: Rural China, 1979-1996
  By: Andrew G. Walder
• July 05, 2002 Foreign Penetration of Japan's Investment-Banking Market: Will Japan Experience the "Wimbledon Effect"?
  By: Nicole Pole
• May 05, 2002 Challenges of Peri-urbanization in the Lower Yangtze region: The Case of the Hanzhou-Ningbo Corridor
  By: Douglas Webster
• May 05, 2002 On the Edge: Shaping the Future of Peri-urban East Asia
  By: Douglas Webster
• March 05, 2002 Chinese and Indian Engineers and their Networks in Silicon Valley
  By: Rafiq Dossani
• February 05, 2002 Cosmopolitan Cities and Nation States: Open Economics,Urban Dynamics, and Government in East Asia
  By: Thomas P. Rohlen
• May 05, 2001 Creating an Environment: Developing Venture Capital in India
  By: Rafiq Dossani, Martin Kenney
• January 05, 2001 Foreign Direct Investment in New Electricity Generating Capacity in Developing Asia: Stakeholders, Risks, and the Search for a New Paradigm
  By: Robert Thomas Crow
• October 05, 2000 Turning Points in the Korean Space-Economy: From the Developmental State to Intercity Competition, 1953-2000
  By: Mike Douglass
• October 05, 2000 Political Change in Taiwan: Implications for American Policy An address by RICHARD BUSH and Roundtable Discussion on Taiwan's Historic 2000 Elections
  By: Katsuhiro Nakagawa
• July 05, 2000 Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta: "One Country, Two Systems" in the Emerging Metropolitan Context
  By: Thomas P. Rohlen
• July 05, 2000 The Japanese Network State in U.S. Comparison: Does Embeddedness Yield Resources and Influence?
  By: Jeffrey Broadbent
• May 05, 2000 Opening Up to the World: India's Pharmaceutical Companies Prepare for 2005
  By: Sean Eric Smith
• March 05, 2000 Relating the U.S.-Korea and U.S.-Japan Alliances to Emerging Asia Pacific Multilateral Processes: An ASEAN Perspective
  By: Chin Kin Wah, Pang Eng Fong
• February 05, 2000 The United States and the Republic of China, 1949-1978: Suspicious Allies
  By: Steven M. Goldstein
• January 05, 2000 The Domestic Context of the Alliances: The Politics of Tokyo
  By: Akihiko Tanaka
• December 05, 1999 Japanese Entrepreneurship: Can the Silicon Valley Model Be Applied to Japan?
  By: Katsuhiro Nakagawa
• October 05, 1999 Accessing Venture Capital in India
  By: Rafiq Dossani
• October 05, 1999 Assessing U.S. Bilateral Security Alliances in the Asia Pacific's "Southern Rim": Why the San Francisco System Endures
  By: William T. Tow
• September 05, 1999 Containment by Stealth: Chinese Views of and Policies toward America's Alliances with Japan and Korea after the Cold War
  By: Yu Bin
• August 05, 1999 Catch-Up; Why Poor Countries Are Becoming Richer, Democratic, Increasingly Peaceable, and Sometimes More Dangerous
  By: Henry S. Rowen
• August 05, 1999 Crisis and Aftermath: The Prospects for Institutional Change in Japan
  By: Rafiq Dossani
• July 05, 1999 Nesting the Alliances in the Emerging Context of Asia-Pacific Multilateral Processes: A U.S. Perspective
  By: Douglas Paal
• July 05, 1999 When Realism and Liberalism Coincide: Russian Views of U.S. Alliances in Asia
  By: Andrew C. Kuchins, Alexei V. Zagorsky
• July 05, 1999 Adjusting America's Two Alliances in East Asia: A Japanese View
  By: Takashi Inoguchi
• July 05, 1999 Changing Relations between Party, Military, and Government in North Korea and Their Impact on Policy Direction
  By: Jinwook Choi
• June 05, 1999 China and the U.S.-Japan and U.S.-Korea Alliances in a Changing Northeast Asia
  By: Chu Shulong
• April 05, 1999 New Estimates of the United States - China Trade Balances
  By: Lawrence J. Lau, K.C. Fung
• March 05, 1999 Seoul Domestic Policy and the Korean-American Alliance
  By: B.C. Koh
• March 05, 1999 Japan-ROK Security Relations: An American Perspective
  By: Michael J. Green
• February 05, 1999 The Korean-American Alliance and the "Rise of China": A Preliminary Assessment of Perceptual Changes and Strategic Choices
  By: Jae Ho Chung
• February 05, 1999 Asian Alliances and American Politics
  By: Michael H. Armacost
• January 05, 1999 Show of Force: The PLA and the 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis
  By: Andrew Scobell
• December 05, 1998 The Yen, the Yuan, and the Asian Currency Crisis Changing Fortune between Japan and China
  By: C.H. Kwan
• October 05, 1998 Variation of Clinical Judgment in Cases of Hysterectomy in R.O.C, Japan, England, and the United States
  By: Yumiko Nishimura, Naohiro Mitsutake, Michael McCullough, Barry Uphoff, Annie Woo, Chang-Yao Hsieh
• September 05, 1998 Japan's China Perceptions and its Policies in the Alliance with the United States
  By: Hideo Sato
• August 05, 1998 Chinese Military Modernization and Asian Security
  By: Michael Swaine
• August 05, 1998 The Origins and Evolution of the Korean-American Alliance: A Japanese Perspective
  By: Koji Murata
• July 05, 1998 East Asian Urbanization: Patterns, Problems, and Prospects
  By: Mike Douglass
• June 05, 1998 China's Post-Deng Military Leadership: New Faces, New Trends
  By: David Shambaugh
• May 05, 1998 The Korean Currency Crisis: What Can We Learn From It?
  By: Sang-Mok Suh
• April 05, 1998 Benefits and Burdens: The Politically Dominated Economics of U.S. Alliances with Japan and Korea
  By: Charles Wolf, Michele Zanini
• March 05, 1998 The Costs and Benefits of Korean Unification
  By: Marcus Noland, Sherman Robinson, Li-gang Liu
• February 05, 1998 China's Accession to and Implementation of International Environmental Accords 1978 - 95
  By: Michel Oksenberg, Elizabeth Economy
• February 05, 1998 Integration on the Basis of Strength: China's Impact on East Asian Security
  By: Wu Xinbo
• January 05, 1998 Energy and Security in East Asia
  By: Michael May
• January 05, 1998 The Japan-America Security Alliance: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century
  By: Daniel Okimoto
• August 05, 1997 Future Prospects for the U.S. Defense Budget and Their Implications for Our Asian Alliance Commitments
  By: Andrew Krepinevich
• June 05, 1997 Sankin Kotai: Institutionalized Trust as the Foundation for Economic Development in the Tokugawa Era
  By: Jennifer Amyx
• June 05, 1997 U.S.-Japan Defense Guidelines: Toward a New Accommodation of Mutual Responsibility
  By: Paul Giarra
• May 05, 1997 China's Foreign Economic Relations
  By: K.C. Fung, Lawrence Lau
• December 05, 1996 The Syndrome of the Ever-Higher Yen, 1971-95: American Mercantile Pressure on Japanese Monetary Policy
  By: Ronald McKinnon, Kazuko Shirono, Kenichi Ohno
• April 05, 1996 The China-United States Bilateral Trade Balance: How Big Is It Really?
  By: K.C. Fung, Lawrence Lau
• January 05, 1996 A United States Policy for the Changing Realities of East Asia
  By: Donald Emmerson, Michael H. Armacost, Henry Rowen, Michel Oksenberg, Daniel Okimoto, James Raphael, Thomas Rohlen