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21. Thomas Buergenthal and the Americas: A Comprehensive Contribution to Human Rights Protection

Author:
Kai Ambos
Publication Date:
01-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Institution:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Abstract:
While Thomas Buergenthal’s contribution to the field of human rights is certainly of global importance, it had a particular impact in the Americas, especially during the crucial initial phase of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) with the Court as its core institution on which Buergenthal served as one of the first group of judges from 1979 to 1991. In a nutshell, Buergenthal’s contribution may be characterized as a comprehensive and decisive effort to the regional protection of human rights in a threefold way: prudent proactivity (A.), active promotion and optimization (B.), interaction and critical follow-up (C.). At the same time, Buergenthal pursued a strategic-progressive approach which offers valuable lessons for the protection of human rights going well beyond the Americas. Buergenthal’s contribution to human rights and to international law in general cannot be overestimated. His principled and at the same time prudent strategic approach will be greatly missed, especially in our challenging times where international law is under attack at various fronts.
Topic:
Human Rights, International Law, Protection, and Thomas Buergenthal
Political Geography:
South America, Central America, and Americas

22. Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: Towards an Advanced International Binding Regulation?

Author:
Takis Vidalis
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Institution:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Abstract:
With the rapid development of AI applications in the most important areas of economic, political and social life, the regime for the protection of fundamental rights has been significantly affected. This reality gives rise to initiatives for new legislation at international, supranational and national level. At the level of international law in particular, this legislation currently focuses on the formulation of general principles and guidelines. What is lacking is more specific regulation in situations where the introduction of AI causes uncertainty as to the protection of specific rights, particularly where conflicts arise between them. This article attempts to formulate proposals for such a more specific regulation, based on widely acknowledged principles of international law. Given that technological development and its impact on today’s societies know no national limitations, the adoption of this ‘next step’ in international law may well determine the smooth adaptation of AI to the values of democratic societies.
Topic:
Human Rights, International Law, Regulation, and Artificial Intelligence
Political Geography:
Global Focus

23. The Montreux Convention and its Importance for International Peace and Security

Author:
Ioannis Antonopoulos
Publication Date:
01-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Institution:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Abstract:
Since its conclusion, the Montreux Convention regarding the regime of the Straits (1936) constitutes an important pillar of the international order. This may be proven by many historical events from the 20th century until today: From the application of the Convention in WWII to its recent invocation in the ongoing Ukrainian conflict. The Convention’s significance derives from its subject-matter, the freedom of transit through the Dardanelles/Turkish Straits in regard to the warships and aircraft in time of peace and in time of war. This is a legal analysis of the Montreux Convention under the scope of International Law providing a brief look at the historical background of events that have led to the signature of the Convention, an extensive presentation of the legal framework of its provisions regarding passage of warships and overflight of aircraft, as well as, some thoughts on its importance for the international peace and security.
Topic:
Security, International Law, History, Peace, International Order, and Montreux Convention
Political Geography:
Europe

24. Ocean Rights – Challenges and Prospects

Author:
Jasper Mührel
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Institution:
The Goettingen Journal of International Law (GoJIL)
Abstract:
The pressing environmental crises of the Anthropocene are inherently connected to ocean health. Yet, the oceans are currently in a critical state. The article explores the idea of giving rights to oceans as one way to enhance their legal protection. It draws on scholarship and practice regarding the existing legal rights of nature, and discusses the challenges and prospects of ocean rights. In doing so, the article raises and addresses three fundamental questions for the recognition of such rights: first, why oceans should hold their own rights in the first place; second, who, i.e. what exact entity or entities, shall hold ocean rights; and finally, how such rights could be implemented and represented and thus be given practical effect.
Topic:
Climate Change, Environment, International Law, Oceans and Seas, Anthropocene, and Rights
Political Geography:
Global Focus

25. Punishing Atrocities and Fair Trials: From Nuremberg to Global Terrorism (Episode 46)

Author:
Jonathan Hafetz
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Video
Institution:
Center for Security, Race and Rights (CSRR), Rutgers University School of Law
Abstract:
In this episode, we welcome Professor Jonathan Hafetz for an insightful discussion on the complex legal challenges involved in prosecuting individuals accused of mass crimes. Our conversation traces the development of international justice mechanisms from the foundational Nuremberg trials through to contemporary approaches in the age of global terrorism. Professor Hafetz examines how nations have attempted to hold perpetrators accountable while maintaining commitment to fair trial principles - a tension that continues to define international criminal law. The discussion explores the significant impact of the U.S. War on Terrorism on legal frameworks and its disproportionate effects on Arab and Muslim communities. Throughout the episode, we consider how these legal precedents influence current justice systems and what lessons can be drawn from past successes and failures. This thoughtful analysis offers listeners a clearer understanding of the delicate balance between pursuing accountability for grave crimes and preserving fundamental rights protections, even for those accused of the most serious offenses. This episode provides valuable context for anyone interested in international law, human rights, and the ongoing evolution of justice mechanisms in response to atrocities and terrorism.
Topic:
International Law, Terrorism, Atrocity Prevention, and Nuremberg
Political Geography:
Global Focus

26. Freedom and Personal Autonomy as the Foundation of Private International Law and the Cornerstone of Individual Rights in the AI Era

Author:
Antoni Abat i Ninet
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
An examination of private international law manuals and relevant legislation demonstrates that the autonomy of the will constitutes a fundamental epistemological principle underpinning the field. However, this freedom is neither absolute nor unbounded. The binding force of pacta sunt servanda, the limitations imposed by public law, the operation of mandatory rules (lois de police), the demands of public policy (ordre public), and the necessity of protecting weaker parties all constrain its exercise. In contemporary private international law, the principle has evolved into a pervasive and dynamic norm, deeply embedded in legal practice while continuously adapting to new challenges. In the emerging era of artificial intelligence, the autonomy of the will must be reaffirmed as a cornerstone of individual rights, ensuring the preservation of personal freedom amidst technological transformations.
Topic:
International Law, European Union, Artificial Intelligence, Autonomy, Freedom, Immanuel Kant, and Individual Rights
Political Geography:
Europe

27. The EU and NATO in pursuit of better deterrence: Baltic Sea sabotage prompts rethink of current practices

Author:
Teemu Tammikko
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA)
Abstract:
Recurring incidents damaging critical undersea infrastructure in the Baltic Sea underline the need for better ways to deter destabilizing acts, whether intentional or due to negligence. These incidents should be viewed within the wider context of hybrid interference in the region, including the use of the so-called Russian shadow fleet. Responses should form a comprehensive and coherent set of actions targeting both state and non-state actors behind the interference. To improve accountability and attribution regarding damage, affected states should aim to agree on a common operational protocol for pursuing and investigating suspected vessels, and invest more in surveillance and detection capabilities, including emerging disruptive technologies. There is no silver bullet for improving deterrence within existing legal and political frameworks, but several smaller measures could help increase the costs of destabilizing acts. For instance, the EU could use its regulatory power as well as trade and economic tools to penalize those linked to the incidents, including, when appropriate, ship captains and crew, owners, flag states, and relevant port states.
Topic:
Defense Policy, NATO, International Law, European Union, Deterrence, and Hybrid Threats
Political Geography:
Finland and Baltic States

28. BRICS+ and the Global Game of International Law:Navigating Multilateral World Order and Soft PowerStrategies

Author:
Angelo Khumalo
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
The Nkafu Policy Institute
Abstract:
The basic nature of global governance and a feature of realism is that states are always propelledto act according to their interests and try to dominate global politics. International law attempts tomitigate this effect (1) . Technically speaking, there is no set way the law can be enforced beyondthe barriers of countries, so international law regulates universal domains such as human rights,trade, and diplomacy through customs, agreements, contracts, treaties, and institutions like theUnited Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) (2) .
Topic:
International Law, Multilateralism, Soft Power, and BRICS
Political Geography:
Global Focus

29. Algorithmic North: Weather, Security and International Law

Author:
Amanda H. Lynch and Charles H. Norchi
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP)
Abstract:
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies are reshaping core practices and infrastructure worldwide, but in the Arctic, this transformation is not merely disruptive – it is decisive. The region is at once climatically unstable, geopolitically conested and operationally fragile. Accurate weather, water, and climate (WWC) services form the backbone of safety, mobility, and sovereignty in the High North. As Arctic stakeholders turn increasingly to AI/ML to enhance decision-making support, they are rapidly building dependencies on systems in an institutional vacuum. In a region where the margin for error is slim and the consequences of failure severe, these shifts demand urgent policy attention. At the same time, international law is struggling to keep pace. No treaty regime governs algorithmic decision-making in the Arctic, and the patchwork of relevant norms were not designed for this convergence of technical innovation, commercial incentives, and environmental exigency. This Policy Brief situates the algorithmic transformation of Arctic WWC services within its broader legal and security context. It concludes by outlining three domains for policy intervention: international organisations, international law and international security.
Topic:
Security, International Law, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Weather
Political Geography:
Arctic

30. Israel and Iran: Major Threats to Middle East Stability

Author:
Erwin van Veen
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
For years, Iran has been accused of being the primary source of instability in the Middle East by much of the West, Israel, and a number of Arab states. One point of conflagration is that it maintains a network of armed groups across the region (the “Axis of Resistance”) which it deploys to attack other states in the area, such as Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. The second is that it continues to develop an increasingly sophisticated ballistic missile arsenal, which was brought to bear against the Kurdish areas of Iraq, Pakistan and Israel earlier this year. Iran is also criticized for supporting the regime of former Syrian President Bashar al-Assad (until December 2024). Furthermore, Western and Arab countries believe that Iran has violated article III of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) by enriching uranium beyond the 20% threshold for civilian use. However, perceptions of Tehran as the main agent of regional instability have shifted in the Middle East and beyond during the past 22 months. A growing number of experts and organizations say Israel is committing more and more war crimes in Gaza, including genocide, and launching an unprecedented series of military campaigns.
Topic:
International Law, Armed Conflict, and Regional Stability
Political Geography:
Iran, Middle East, and Israel

31. Defending before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: An Interview with Philippe Larochelle

Author:
Philippe Larochelle
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
Philippe Larochelle, widely regarded as one of the leading lawyers in international criminal defense, has built his career representing clients in some of the most complex and high-profile international cases. The ability to navigate political and procedural challenges of international law quickly positioned him as a key figure in the international defense field. His commitment to due process, fairness, and the protection of fundamental legal rights, even in cases where public sentiment strongly favored conviction, has built his reputation across multiple international tribunals, including the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), International Criminal Court (ICC), and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. This blog explores the challenges and lessons that emerged from his particular set of cases before the ICTR. Through Larochelle’s setbacks and triumphs within the world’s second international tribunal, readers get a glimpse into the case preparation and trial process for these complex cases, and better understand the way in which these tribunals shape the legacies of conflict. Through Larochelle’s stories one thing becomes clear: uncovering the truth can only be accomplished through objective institutions, counsel, and judges; strong standards of evidence and procedure; expeditious trials; and stronger mechanisms to assess victims and witnesses.
Topic:
Genocide, International Law, Interview, and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Political Geography:
Rwanda and Global Focus

32. Defending Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: An Interview with Colleen Rohan

Author:
Colleen Rohan, Cailan Cumming, Kate Gibson, and Paul R. Williams
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
This blog presents the experiences and perspectives of Colleen Rohan, a prominent defense lawyer whose decades of defense practice encompass some of the toughest cases in U.S. domestic criminal law as well as landmark cases before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Through her personal journey in international criminal law, Rohan offers a singular perspective on the evolution of international defense, including the creation of the Association of Defence Counsel (ADC), the practical and ethical questions of representing persons accused of serious international crimes, and the procedural and institutional obstacles that shaped the early operations of the ICTY. Drawing upon Rohan’s experiences, readers gain insight into the daily realities of defense work, from navigating disclosure battles to fostering collegiality in a multicultural defense community, to the ways in which defense counsel must adapt to evolving legal systems. Her experiences illuminate both the successes and limitations of the ICTY, the development of substantive international criminal law, and the ongoing need for recognition, resources, and respect for defense practitioners in international tribunals.
Topic:
International Law, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and Legal Defense
Political Geography:
Yugoslavia and Global Focus

33. The Inception of International Defense: An Interview with Dr. Mark S. Ellis

Author:
Mark S. Ellis, Emma Bakkum, and Paul Williams
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
This blog delves into the origins and evolution of the work of defense counsel before international criminal tribunals. It presents the reflections of Dr. Mark Ellis, based on his extensive experience providing assistance to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), his active involvement in the Saddam Hussein trial in Iraq, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), and the International Criminal Court (ICC), and his service as Executive Director of the International Bar Association (IBA). Through the examination of key defense developments, including the financial remuneration of defense counsel, assigning and selecting defense counsel, defense counsel ethics, and the role of bar associations, this blog traces the evolution of the defense counsel’s role in international criminal law, showcasing how defense contributions have shaped the fabric of international justice. Starting at the formative days of defense at the ICTY, including in the landmark Tadić case, the blog presents first-hand accounts of the key challenges and milestones faced by defense counsel appearing before the ICTY and beyond, illuminating key developments of the defense at international criminal tribunals, and laying the foundation for understanding the broader international justice system.
Topic:
International Law, Interview, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and International Criminal Law (ICL)
Political Geography:
Global Focus

34. The Essential Contributions of Support Staff in International Defense: An Interview with Cécile Lecolle

Author:
Cécile Lecolle, Cailan Cumming, Kate Gibson, and Paul R. Williams
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
Justice in international criminal law is not solely determined by the strength of arguments or the weight of evidence—it is also shaped by those working behind the scenes. Support staff, often unseen and underappreciated, play a decisive role in the defense of the accused. Through the work of Cécile Lecolle, an experienced case manager and legal assistant, this blog explores the reality of defense support work in some of the most high-profile international criminal cases. Lecolle’s career demonstrates not only the immense responsibilities carried by support staff but also the broader inequities in international justice, including resource imbalances between the prosecution and defense, failures in disclosing exculpatory evidence, and the persistent stigma surrounding defense work.
Topic:
International Law, Interview, Staffers, and Legal Defense
Political Geography:
Global Focus

35. Defining the Practice of International Criminal Defense: An Interview with Peter Haynes KC

Author:
Peter Haynes
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
This blog introduces the topic of defense of the accused before international criminal courts and tribunals. By drawing upon Peter Haynes KC’s extensive experience at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), and the International Criminal Court (ICC), it introduces several key themes to defense, including the structure of international defense teams, how to effectively defend the accused before international criminal tribunals, differences between domestic and international defense practices, and the future outlook for international criminal defense lawyers. Through the striking first-hand achievements of Peter Haynes in defending accused and managing defense teams at international criminal courts, this blog realistically positions international defense work within the international criminal law project and articulates standards that need to be met in order to effectively defend accused before international criminal courts and tribunals.
Topic:
International Law, International Criminal Court (ICC), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and International Criminal Law (ICL)
Political Geography:
Global Focus

36. The Slippery Slope of Using Chemical Weapons in Sudan

Author:
David M. Crane
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
The use of gas in a conflict is prohibited under international law and has been for well over a century. Its use is a war crime, plain and simple. Full stop. The use of chemicals against a belligerent in an armed conflict is rare but not unheard of. It’s been used in the Iraq/Iran war in the 1980s, and the Assad regime in Syria dabbled in its use in the early 21st century. There is also evidence of the use of chemicals by the Russian Federation in Ukraine. The recent accusations surrounding the alleged use of chlorine gas by the Sudanese army in its conflict with the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) are troubling and must not be ignored. On May 22, 2025, the United States accused the Sudanese military of using chemical weapons. Although they presented no evidence to back their claims, the implications are grave. International law strictly prohibits the use of chemical weapons, and chlorine gas is considered a violation under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), to which Sudan is a signatory. It's very concerning that chlorine, a substance commonly used in various industries, is reportedly being weaponized. The video evidence documented by the FRANCE 24 Observers team in September 2024, showing barrels dropping from the sky, is particularly alarming. If these claims are substantiated, they mark a dangerous escalation—not just for Sudan but for the principles of international law as a whole. This pattern—accusations followed by denials from military leaders—is reminiscent of other conflict zones where human rights are disregarded. The Sudanese military’s immediate dismissal of these allegations further obscures the truth and undermines the credibility of international monitoring. The historical context reminds us that the failure to hold violators accountable leads to a dangerous normalization of brutality in warfare. As I’ve previously remarked, “When we allow even the smallest infractions of international law to go unaddressed, we set a precedent that invites further violations.”
Topic:
International Law, Chemical Weapons, and Armed Conflict
Political Geography:
Africa and Sudan

37. The Dangers of Selective State Support for International Tribunals: An Interview with Kate Gibson

Author:
Kate Gibson, Cailan Cumming, and Paul R. Williams
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
This blog presents the reflections of defense lawyer Kate Gibson, who has appeared as counsel in some of the most significant cases in international criminal law. Drawing on her extensive experience before domestic, international, and hybrid tribunals, this blog examines the critical role states play in supporting international courts and how selective support can affect investigations, security, the rights of the accused, and the overall accountability process. Gibson offers practical recommendations for strengthening state engagement and shares her perspective on the institutional reforms needed to uphold fair trial guarantees in international courts. From the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), and the International Criminal Court (ICC), Gibson’s work reveals both the promise and the deep flaws of the international criminal justice project, shedding light on some of the most overlooked aspects of the justice process.
Topic:
International Law, State, Interview, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Political Geography:
Global Focus

38. Defending before the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia: An Interview with Anta Guissé

Author:
Anta Guissé
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
In this blog, defense lawyer Anta Guissé reflects on the unique dynamics of hybrid tribunals, drawing from her extensive experience at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). As a defense lawyer for Khieu Samphan, a former high-ranking leader of the Khmer Rouge regime, Guissé discusses the historical narratives and local context that influenced her case, as well as the advantages of conducting tribunals in situ. Her first-hand experiences highlight how the symbolic nature of the ECCC trials, the immense pressure to secure convictions, and inconsistencies in applying modes of liability can undermine the foundational principles of law and justice. Guissé is a strong advocate for the integrity of the legal process and judicial discussion, and for uncovering the judicial truth and recognizing victims regardless of the trial’s outcome. Rather than building international criminal law around the desire to convict, Guissé challenges us to let the fundamentals of the rule of law work, regardless of public opinion, moral pressure, or political interference.
Topic:
International Law, Public Opinion, Courts, Interview, and Tribunal
Political Geography:
Cambodia and Southeast Asia

39. Forget the Debate on Peace Versus Justice. Ukraine Has Set the Stage for Peace With Justice!

Author:
Paul R. Williams, Beth Van Schaack, David Crane, and Sindija Beta
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
Recent efforts to reach a ceasefire and potential peace arrangement to end Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine have again brought to the fore the tension between achieving peace and delivering justice in the wake of atrocities. For much of the twentieth century, those negotiating peace deals were either silent about the imperative of justice or negotiated it away. Indeed, many peace agreements and arrangements routinely incorporated blanket amnesties, trading accountability for the promise of stability and calm. The Évian Accords in Algeria, the National Reconciliation Law in Guatemala, the Lomé Peace Accord in Sierra Leone, and the “Due Obedience” and “Full Stop” laws in Argentina all exemplified this approach. These amnesties may have encouraged combatants to lay down their arms and helped end the fighting, but they left societies fractured, victims silenced, and perpetrators free to return to positions of power. Ultimately, many of these amnesties did not hold as national and international courts declared them unconstitutional and/or inconsistent with the nation’s human rights obligations. Argentina, for example, has prosecuted hundreds of individuals who stood accused of committing grave crimes during the country’s “dirty war.” The experience of Sierra Leone and Cambodia demonstrates that even negotiated amnesties do not shield perpetrators from subsequent international justice mechanisms; nor do they override the treaty-based legal obligations of states to prosecute atrocity crimes.
Topic:
International Law, Peace, Justice, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:
Russia, Europe, and Ukraine

40. Roundtable Blog: Peace Without Possession—Preserving Ukraine’s Territorial Integrity in Negotiations

Author:
Public International Law Policy Group
Publication Date:
11-2025
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Public International Law Policy Group
Abstract:
In the context of ongoing hostilities, Ukraine faces a critical dilemma: how to enter into peace negotiations while lacking control over parts of its territory and with the understanding that negotiating the return of the territory is unlikely. The stakes are high. Any misstep could weaken Ukraine’s sovereignty claims, embolden future aggression, or fracture international consensus. With these risks in mind, the Public International Law & Policy Group’s Ukraine Peace Negotiations Working Group convened a roundtable to examine the legal, political, and strategic dimensions of preserving territorial integrity in the absence of de facto control. Participants were asked to consider six interrelated questions: what is the legal basis for assessing territorial questions in Ukraine; how Ukraine can best negotiate without possession; what legal instruments preserve territorial claims over time; how EU and NATO pathways intersect with unresolved occupation; how to navigate dueling constitutional claims; and whether strategic ambiguity risks weakening Ukraine’s legal position. The discussion drew on comparative precedents, international law, and realpolitik assessments of the current diplomatic landscape. The purpose of this public-facing Roundtable Blog is threefold: to inform Ukrainian policymakers and Peace Formula stakeholders of the legal and strategic variables shaping territorial negotiations; to connect Ukraine-focused expertise with broader international practice; and to provide analytically grounded perspectives that can guide the development of durable, sovereignty-preserving peace frameworks.
Topic:
International Law, Negotiation, Armed Conflict, Russia-Ukraine War, and Territorial Integrity
Political Geography:
Russia, Europe, and Ukraine