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2. The Reform of the Brazilian Anti-Dumping Regime: A Partial Review of the Determinants and the Implications of Degree 8,058/2013
- Author:
- Rafael Pentiado Poerschke, Helio Henkin, and Ricardo Dias da Silva
- Publication Date:
- 01-2021
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- This study considers the development and reform of the anti-dumping regime in Brazil as a ratification example of the multilateral trading system proposed by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Brazil's history of leadership in the WTO Rounds, as well as its emergence among users of temporary barriers illustrates the fact that developing countries participate, with some success, in the endorsement and strengthening of the multilateral system itself. Using the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) as a model for its own regulatory framework, this practice ensures that domestic legislation will have greater compliance to international obligations and avoid constraints via the Dispute Settlement Body. Finally, the case of Decree 8,058/2013 highlighted the importance that specialized agents in the middle management of the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC) have in the management and improvement of the Brazilian public policy.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, Development, International Cooperation, International Trade and Finance, and World Trade Organization
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and South America
3. Colombian Military Transformation: Strategic Reality and Overcoming Resistances
- Author:
- Victor M. Mijares and Paula Alejandra Gonzalez
- Publication Date:
- 01-2021
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- After the signing of peace in Colombia, attention has been directed to the difficult process of implementing the agreements. This complex scenario has downplayed the problem of Colombian military transformation. The basis of that transformation, the Damasco doctrine, the, has encountered resistance within the Colombian Military Forces. Through the application of a process tracing method, we infer that there is a non-linear process, but in progress towards the fulfillment of the objectives of the doctrine. Thus, we identify three drivers that are making this transformation progress: a renewed confrontation with Venezuela; the changing nature of the domestic conflict; and the Colombia’s NATO global partner status.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, Military Strategy, and Training
- Political Geography:
- Colombia and South America
4. Defense Expenditure and Strategic Capabilities: Dissimilarities Among South American Countries
- Author:
- Angela Nogueira Neves and Tassio Franchi
- Publication Date:
- 07-2021
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- We take into account that interpretations of security complexes, traditions of long peace, and violent peace do not fully explain how South American countries are organized regarding Defense. Given those, we ran a cluster analysis with data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and Military Balance report with economic defense expenditure and capabilities investment from South American countries to identify how they are organized, determining those that are most similar to each other (which would form complexes) and how they differ from the others (dissimilarities). The results showed four different clusters: the first formed by Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia; the second by Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Paraguay; the third only by the Guyana; and the fourth, formed only by Uruguay. We interpreted these clusters considering the history of conflicts, current countries threats and treaties.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, Military Strategy, Military Spending, and Defense Industry
- Political Geography:
- South America
5. Regional Stability: Brazil and the South American Defense Council
- Author:
- Vinicius Damasceno Nascimento
- Publication Date:
- 01-2020
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- The South American Defense Council and Brazil have regional importance, considering that stability in South America is not guaranteed. This study has the objectives of confirming, in military terms, the condition of Brazil as an important regional protagonist; and analyzing its possible contribution to regional stability
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Regional Cooperation, Military Strategy, Regionalism, and Strategic Stability
- Political Geography:
- South America
6. Regionalism and Security: The Case of Mercosur and the Absence of Defense Issues
- Author:
- Alejandro Frenkel
- Publication Date:
- 01-2019
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- Despite being established on a commercial basis, Mercosur gradually incorporated other areas of cooperation during its first years, such as health, labor and environment. However, issues like defense were never included in the institutional scheme. On this basis, this article analyses a specific set of factors that were crucial to undermine the possibilities of building a security mechanism in the Southern Cone. These factors are the bloc one-dimension, the divergent civilian control of the armed forces and the different visions of security among member countries.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, Regional Cooperation, and Regionalism
- Political Geography:
- Brazil, Argentina, and South America
7. Comparative Nuclear Policy: A Case Study of U.S. Impact on India and Brazil Programs (1946-2018)
- Author:
- Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo and Artur Cruz Bertolucci
- Publication Date:
- 08-2019
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- The knowledge regarding nuclear technology represented a new reality for the generation of energy and international security. The nuclear attacks of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 represented the beginning of the so-called nuclear era and of the “balance of terror” as presented by many analysts such as Raymond Aron, deepened by the arms race in the US-Soviet bipolarity after 1947. Besides the superpowers, different countries had begun to develop their nuclear programs. The cases of Brazil and India stand out, since they develop their research agendas n the 1950s and 1960s, in the Cold War context, as a path to enhance their autonomy and bargaining power. The spread of the nuclear knowledge represented a challenge for the superpowers, and the talks for mechanisms of nuclear proliferation control such as the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) started. This is the context in which Brazil and India develop their nuclear programs under the impact of its bilateral relations with the US. Although, these programs were convergent at first, in the search for nuclear autonomy, adjustments are going to be observed on both policies after the end of the Cold War. The article aims to understand the importance and history of Brazil and India nuclear programs and US weight on these agendas.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Diplomacy, Nuclear Weapons, Treaties and Agreements, Military Strategy, Nuclear Power, and Denuclearization
- Political Geography:
- India, Asia, Brazil, South America, North America, and United States of America
8. Military Expenditures and the Armed Forces Actions in South America: An Appreciation About the Regional Defense Convergence
- Author:
- Graciela De Conti Pagliari
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- It is investigated the approximation in defense and security in South America. The hypothesis tested considers that these countries just tend an approximation whereby the costs are less linked to a changing in their individual policies. In this way, they propose just a superficial consensus rather than incorporate joint policies. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the confidence measures in relation to the military expenditures adopted since the SADC foundation, as well as the military forces functions to verify if – in that instance – the measures served to empower the convergences in defense, and – in the case of these – if, in the face of the highlighted common defense problems, the attributions have converged.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, Regional Cooperation, Military Strategy, and Military Spending
- Political Geography:
- South America
9. French Guiana and the Falklands: The Military Presence of France and the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic and the South American Continent
- Author:
- Marcos Valle Machado De Silva
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- The issue of the Falklands catalyzes the attention of researchers in studies of the military presence of extraregional actors in South America. However, France, a state equally exogenous to the South American nations, is present in the region, keeping a colonial territory, where contingents and military installations are located, almost always ignored in regional security studies. In this context, this paper aims to highlight the military presence of France and the United Kingdom in America and South Atlantic, and to analyze the tensions arising from this presence in relation to the regional Brazilian view of defense.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Imperialism, International Cooperation, and Military Affairs
- Political Geography:
- United States, United Kingdom, France, Brazil, Argentina, South America, Falkland Islands, and South Atlantic
10. Armament Modernization in South America: Empirical and Theoretical Pressures on the Dualistic Views of Regional Security
- Author:
- Rafael Duarte Villa
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- Research that focuses on security systems in South America usually identifies the existence of two regional security subsystems: one in the Andean countries of the North, with more traditional characteristics such as militarized tensions at the borders and intense drug trafficking problems; and a second one located in the Southern Cone, with security and integration regimes, which could qualify as a security community. This is what we call a dualistic view of security. This paper challenges this thesis to show that contemporary developments and concerns about the purchase of sophisticated weaponry by some South American countries, especially Chile, Venezuela, and Brazil in the first two decades of this century are critical points for the idea of a permanent (democratic) peace zone located only in the Southern Cone. In fact, arms purchases transform the South American region into a single regional security complex with tensions and militarized representations in both the Andean system and the Southern Cone.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, Regional Cooperation, Military Strategy, and Drugs
- Political Geography:
- Brazil, South America, Venezuela, and Chile
11. Russia, China and South Korea in the South America Defense Market
- Author:
- Ricardo Borges Gama Neto
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- The article tries to discuss if the impact of the political changes, which occurred in South America from the first decade of the century, influenced the purchase of military equipment by some countries of the region. The emergence of new governments, with a strong left leaning, occurred concurrently with a clear change in the classic pattern of buying defense equipment. European countries and the US have come to be preferred, as opposed to Russia and China, as suppliers of arms to the various South American armed forces.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Armed Forces, Military Spending, and Defense Industry
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, and South America
12. The Mobilization of the Defense Industrial Base in South America Through the Brazilian Admission in the NATO Catalog System
- Author:
- Sabrina Evangelista Medelros and William de Sousa Moreira
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- This article aims to describe and analyze the conditionalities and side effects of Brazil’s inclusion in NATO´s Catalog (NATO Codification System- NCS) for the national Defense Industrial Base and the country’s development (the agreement dates back to April 1997). The central hypothesis is that, through this process, there was a progressive conditioning of the national defense industry, and correlates, in favor of protocolization, which extended the internationality and scope of national agents, both as buyers and sellers, within this system and subsystems. The analysis of the process of inclusion of Brazil in the NSC and the characteristics and purposes involved and the analysis of the repercussions for Brazil.To do this, before the analysis of the repercussions, there is an explanation of the method used, once the objectives of the article consolidate through a medium-term prospective vision.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, NATO, Military Spending, and Defense Industry
- Political Geography:
- Europe, North Atlantic, Brazil, South America, and North America
13. The Geopolitics of the South American Cybernetic Space: The (Non) Shaping of Security Policies and Cybernetic Defense
- Author:
- Selma Lucia Moura Gonzales and Lucas Soares Portela
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- The purpose of this article is to analyze the current cyber security and defense policies in Brazil, Argentina and Colombia, that have the higher density of internauts, placing these policies in the context of two regional forums: the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), and the possible existence of an interdependence among them or if a new cyberspace geopolitics is being framed in the region, that influences the organization of regional power.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Regional Cooperation, Cybersecurity, Geopolitics, OAS, and UNASUR
- Political Geography:
- Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and South America
14. Brazil's Foreign Policy, Defense Policy and Development Model: From the Development State to the Logistic State
- Author:
- Jose Miguel Quedi Martins and Raul Cavedon Nunes
- Publication Date:
- 12-2017
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- This article presents an analysis of the relationship between Brazil’s foreign policy, defense policy and development model in a historical perspective. A paradigmatic approach is used, trying to identify the phases of the Brazilian Grand Strategy that cross the limits of the presidential terms, being also linked to international political, economic and military constraints. The period covered begins in the 1930s, with the rise of the Developmental State, addresses the 1980s turning point (Normal/ Neoliberal State), and examines the defense investment’s rise and crisis of the 2000s and 2010s (Logistic State).
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Defense Policy, Development, and State Building
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and South America
15. Relations of Brazil with South Africa and Angola: Efforts for the Maintenance of Security in South Atlantic
- Author:
- Luiz Rogerio Franco Goldoni and Sandro de Nazareth Cirbelli
- Publication Date:
- 06-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- With a view towards the defense of their vital spaces (South Atlantic) and seeking greater international prominence, Brazil has intensified its relations with the African continent. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the bilateral relations between Brazil and both South Africa and Angola, highlighting these relationships effects on the maintenance of security in the South Atlantic. It is studied the growing interconnection between the foreign policy and the Brazilian defense policy, the military cooperation agreements and joint naval exercises.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Imperialism, International Cooperation, and Military Strategy
- Political Geography:
- Africa, South Africa, Brazil, South America, and Angola
16. From "Failed State" to Exporter of Security? Columbia and the Diplomacy of Security
- Author:
- Esteban Arratia Sandoval
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- This purpose of this article is to analyze the emergence of the initiative of the diplomacy of security (2012) driven by the Chancellery and the Ministry of Defense of Colombia as a model of cooperation in the field of security and defense. Secondly, it explains the role of United States in the aforementioned initiative. Finally, it examines the main implications of that scheme of assistance in the strategies of security implemented by the countries of the subcontinent.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, and Diplomacy
- Political Geography:
- Colombia and South America
17. National Defense Policy and the protection of the Critical Energy Infrastructure in Brazil
- Author:
- Iure Palva
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- The study developed in this paper aims to analyze how the protection of Brazil’s critical energy infrastructure is dealt with under the national defense policy in order to better understand how the military dimension of energy security is outlined in Brazil. With the intention of achieving this goal, it seeks, initially, to identify which are and where are located the main Brazilian critical energy infrastructure relating to the oil chain, petroleum products and natural gas. Next, it aims to examine the extent to which the protection of such structural complexes is provided for in the national defense policy, particularly in the main documents dealing with the subject in the country. Finally, it observes how is the planning of the Brazilian offensive and defensive military power in the prevention and response to threats against the infrastructure related to the above-mentioned sources.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Energy Policy, Military Strategy, and Infrastructure
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and South America
18. Current Overview and Future Perspectives on Integrated Defense Logistics in South America: Opportunities for the Regional Defense Industry
- Author:
- Edson Aita and Alvaro Vasconcelos Stuart
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- This work aims to analyze the current situation and future prospects of an integrated defense logistics in South America, with emphasis on the defense industries of South American countries. To do so, it was made a wide bibliographical and documentary review on the subject in question. The South American Defense Council (SADC), established in 2008, has as one of its objectives the creation of an integrated defense industrial base in South America, in order to achieve greater regional autonomy and reduce the costs of R&D and production of defense products. However, while analyzing the literature, it is observed that currently there is still a shy interaction between countries, summing up to a few bilateral agreements or arrangements between small groups. On the other hand, when picturing the future scenario, it appears that the rhetoric is likely to be realized, which would benefit the entire region, with the possibility of real political and economic gains to the States. There seems to be room for integration and the development of a regional synergy, for which it becomes critical that the larger countries support smaller countries, disadvantaged economically, but still with great potential and consumer realities and close geostrategic threats.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Regional Cooperation, Military Strategy, and Autonomy
- Political Geography:
- South America