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3662. China and Pakistan: Emerging Strains in the Entente Cordiale
- Author:
- Isaac B. Kardon
- Publication Date:
- 03-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- Despite perceptions in Washington and New Delhi that China enjoys unique privileges and exercises inordinate influence in Pakistan, Beijing has shown little inclination to directly shape Pakistani behavior. As China’s global portfolio of economic and security interests expands, it is increasingly sensitive to new opportunity costs entailed in sustaining the Sino-Pakistani partnership.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Security, Partnerships, and Economy
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan, China, South Asia, and Asia
3663. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Signals Intelligence and Cyber Reconnaissance Infrastructure
- Author:
- Mark Stokes, Jenny Lin, and Russell Hsiao
- Publication Date:
- 11-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- This study offers a tentative baseline for assessing the GSD Third Department, affiliated Technical Reconnaissance Bureaus (TRBs), and supporting research and development organizations. An examination of this organization, its role and function would provide a mosaic with which to better evaluate China‘s signal intelligence and cyber-infrastructure. The data points assembled by this monograph points to an expansive yet stovepiped organization responsible for various facets of technical reconnaissance, including collection of wireless line of sight communications, satellite communications, cyber surveillance, network traffic analysis, network security, encryption and decryption, translation, and political, military, and economic analysis.
- Topic:
- Intelligence, Infrastructure, Cybersecurity, Reconnaissance, and People's Liberation Army (PLA)
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia
3664. Determinants of Economic Growth in BRIC Countries
- Author:
- Rajeev K. Goel and Iikka Korhonen
- Publication Date:
- 09-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Institute for Advanced Development Studies (INESAD)
- Abstract:
- We study economic growth in four emerging economies - Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC). Questions addressed are: (a) How do medium term growth determinants differ from short term determinants? (b) What are differences between growth effects of aggregate versus disaggregated exports? And (c) Does lower institutional quality hinder growth? Results show that while BRIC nations have higher growth, there are significant within-group differences. China and Russia mostly showed higher growth, while India sometimes showed positive growth, and Brazil did not outperform the rest. Policy implications are discussed.
- Topic:
- Corruption, Economic Growth, Institutions, Exports, and BRIC
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, India, and Brazil
3665. A Dragon Eyes the Top of the World: Arctic Policy Debate and Discussion in China
- Author:
- David Curtis Wright
- Publication Date:
- 08-2011
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- China Maritime Studies Institute, U.S. Naval War College
- Abstract:
- The Chinese are increasingly interested in the effects of global climate change and the melting of the Arctic ice cap, especially as they pertain to emergent sea routes, natural resources, and geopolitical advantage. China seems to see the overall effect of Arctic climate change as more of a beckoning economic opportunity than a looming environmental crisis. Even though it is not an Arctic country, China wants to be among the first states to exploit the region’s natural resource wealth and to ply ships through its sea routes, especially the Northwest Passage.
- Topic:
- Climate Change, Natural Resources, and Maritime
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, and Arctic
3666. Measuring Transparency in Military Expenditure: The Case of China
- Author:
- Sam Perlo-Freeman
- Publication Date:
- 10-2011
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
- Abstract:
- This policy brief discusses the key dimensions of military expenditure transparency and assesses them in relation to China. While spending transparency relates most obviously to the availability, reliability, detail, and comprehensiveness of information, it cannot be completely separated from broader defense policy formation issues. China has a robust framework for developing, implementing, and monitoring defense policy, budgeting, and expenditure, and producing readily-accessible budget and expenditure data in English and Chinese; however, these processes are largely carried out behind closed doors.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Military Affairs, Budget, Military Spending, and Transparency
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia
3667. Functional Distribution of Income and Economic Growth in the Chinese Economy, 1978-2007
- Author:
- Ricardo Molero Simarro
- Publication Date:
- 02-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- School of Oriental and African Studies - University of London
- Abstract:
- This paper seeks to analyse the relationship between functional distribution of income, aggregate demand and growth in Chinese reform economy. For this purpose the Bhaduri-Marglin Model is used, stating the theoretical possibility of both profit-led and wage- led growth regimes. Subsequently, the principal literature on the evolution of factor‟s shares in China is reviewed. The statistical series for the period 1978-2007 are reconstructed in order to carry out our analysis of the relations between capital‟s share and investment, on one hand; and labour‟s share and consumption, on the other. Supported by the Model‟s preliminary estimations, it is argued that Chinese growth has been largely profit-driven. Finally, the implications are presented vis-a-vis concerning Chinese economic prospects.
- Topic:
- Development, Economics, Reform, and Investment
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia
3668. Explaining the Energy Consumption Portfolio in a Cross-Section of Countries: Are the BRICs Different?
- Author:
- David M. Arseneau
- Publication Date:
- 02-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Abstract:
- This paper uses disaggregated data from a broad cross-section of countries to empirically assess differences in energy consumption profiles across countries. We find empirical support for the energy ladder hypothesis, which contends that as an economy develops it transits away from a heavier reliance on traditional fuel sources towards an increase in the use of modern commercial energy sources. We also find empirical support for the hypothesis that structural transformation--the idea that as an economy matures, it transforms away from agriculture-based activity into industrial activity and, finally, fully matures into a service-oriented economy--is an important driver for the distribution of end-use energy consumption. However, even when these two hypotheses are taken into account, we continue to find evidence suggesting that the patterns of energy consumption in the BRIC economies are importantly different from those of other economies.
- Topic:
- Development, Energy Policy, Infrastructure, Services, and BRIC
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, Europe, India, Asia, Brazil, South America, and Global Focus
3669. The Growth of Chinese Exports: An Examination of the Detailed Trade Data
- Author:
- Brett Berger and Robert F Martin
- Publication Date:
- 11-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Abstract:
- Over the past decade, Chinese exports have boomed, increasing far faster than GDP growth. What can account for this explosion? Our paper uses finely detailed Chinese export data (8-digit HS codes) combined with U.S. trade data to explore this question. Although exchange rate policy clearly boosted the trade surplus, and the structure of the economy, e.g. abundant cheap labor, encouraged investment, these alone cannot account for the changing composition and acceleration of exports. We find that the growth in exports is most likely a product of effective Chinese industrial policy and fortuitous timing. The detailed trade data reveal that key “new” technology goods, such as cell phones, LCD screens, and laptops played a critical role. Finally, we use the data to examine the relationship between Chinese exports and global manufacturing, in particular U.S. manufacturing employment. We find that increased Chinese competition in both domestic and U.S. export markets likely lowered U.S. manufacturing employment between 2000 and 2007. Chinese policy is not, however, wholly responsible. Some job losses, such as in textile production, were no doubt the result of China’s natural comparative advantages, while other U.S. job losses are attributable to relatively low investment and slow GDP growth in the United States following the 2001 recession.
- Topic:
- International Trade and Finance, Hegemony, Exports, Trade, and Strategic Competition
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia
3670. Treated with Cruelty: Abuses in the Name of Rehabilitation
- Publication Date:
- 06-2011
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Open Society Foundations
- Abstract:
- The Campaign to Stop Torture in Health Care, a coalition led by the Open Society Foundations, has published a new report documenting the personal testimonies of men and women who have been detained in drug rehabilitation centers in Cambodia, China, Mexico, and Russia. Each year, thousands of people are locked away in these centers without any real access to medical care or legal recourse. Drug users rarely enter such detention centers voluntarily, and even if they do, they nearly never are allowed to leave at their will. Detention centers often rely on physical abuse, shackles, solitary confinement, and other indignities to "treat" drug addiction and extract labor from the detainees. Moreover, they are often overseen by government authorities, and private companies are allowed to exploit the forced labor inside. Not surprisingly, the vast majority of people quickly return to drug use once they are released from these centers. The report, Treated with Cruelty: Abuses in the Name of Rehabilitation, presents the harrowing personal stories alongside commentary about the human rights that are being denied to the individuals who are locked away. Manfred Nowak, former UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, also adds his voice in an introduction calling for the closure of drug detention facilities.
- Topic:
- Health, War on Drugs, Law, Drugs, Public Health, and Rehabilitation
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, Cambodia, and Mexico