Publishing Institution: Oxfam Publishing / Topic: Gender Issues

1. Tackling Gender Inequality in the Cocoa Supply Chain: Are big chocolate companies delivering on their global commitments in Ghana?

Author:: Albert A. Ahrin
Publication Date:: 02-2022
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2013, leading chocolate companies Mars, Mondelēz, and Nestlé made global commitments to reduce gender inequalities across their cocoa supply chain. This report follows up on these commitments and presents findings on the gender equality programs Mars, Mondelēz, and Nestlé – and their agribusiness suppliers – are implementing in the cocoa supply chain of Ghana, a key sourcing country. Specifically, the report examines the extent to which each of the companies has (1) conducted and published impact assessments on women in their cocoa supply chains in order to understand and show how this population is faring in Ghana; (2) developed a specific action plan to address issues raised by the assessments that could lead to improved conditions for women; (3) signed on to the United Nations’ Women’s Empowerment Principles, a set of seven principles for businesses offering guidance on how to empower women in the workplace, marketplace, and community; and (4) engaged with other powerful actors
Topic:: Gender Issues, Inequality, Supply Chains, and Chocolate
Political Geography:: Africa and Ghana

2. Women, Voice and Power: How transformative feminist leadership is challenging inequalities and the root causes of extreme vulnerability

Author:: Emily Brown
Publication Date:: 10-2021
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The evidence can no longer be ignored: when women and feminist activists are able to use their collective power to challenge inequalities, they are having a transformational impact. From women’s rights organizations and movements breaking down harmful social norms, to political leaders advancing highly progressive policies, there is a growing body of evidence from feminist organizing across the world that when decisions are made more equally and inclusively, and are rooted in locally-owned, intersectional feminist movements and political agendas, they have immediate and long-term human development benefits for all.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Women, Leadership, Feminism, and Civil Rights
Political Geography:: Global Focus

3. Unpaid Care – Why and How to Invest: Policy Briefing for National Governments

Author:: Man-Kwun Chan
Publication Date:: 01-2018
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Investments which support households to better meet their unpaid care responsibilities – such as childcare, food preparation and laundry – can yield substantial returns in terms of macro-economic growth, job creation and other key government priorities. This briefing looks at selected evidence and examples and argues that governments should: include commitments to support households’ unpaid care work in relevant policies and programmes, and collect data on unpaid care to support policy making; increase households’ access to care-supporting infrastructure and services; encourage men and boys to share care work; and step up efforts to give women a real voice in policy making, and a real opportunity to speak out about unpaid care.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Labor Issues, Health Care Policy, and Inequality
Political Geography:: Global Focus

4. Reward Work, Not Wealth: To end the Inequality Crisis, We Must Build an Economy for Ordinary Working People, not the Rich and Powerful.

Author:: Diego Alejo Vazquez Pimentel, Max Lawson, and Inigo Macias Aymar
Publication Date:: 01-2018
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Last year saw the biggest increase in billionaires in history, one more every two days. This huge increase could have ended global extreme poverty seven times over. 82% of all wealth created in the last year went to the top 1%, and nothing went to the bottom 50%. Dangerous, poorly paid work for the many is supporting extreme wealth for the few. Women are in the worst work, and almost all the super-rich are men. Governments must create a more equal society by prioritizing ordinary workers and small-scale food producers instead of the rich and powerful.
Topic:: Gender Issues, International Trade and Finance, Food, Health Care Policy, Inequality, Economic Growth, Tax Systems, and Supply Chains
Political Geography:: Global Focus

5. Kasai: The Forgotten Province of DRC – Gender Assessment

Author:: Iulia Andreea Toma
Publication Date:: 02-2018
Content Type:: Case Study
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The Democratic Republic of Congo is currently gripped by national political deadlock and plagued by localized armed conflicts, both old and new. In the central region of Kasai, the conflict between government forces and the Kamwina Nsapo militia escalated dramatically in the first quarter of 2017 and has caused a serious humanitarian crisis extending over five provinces. The crisis has led to major food insecurity, and exacerbated the existing vulnerabilities of the local population. Women in DRC play a limited role in public life and their access to services and opportunities is constrained. The crisis in Kasai is entrenching existing inequalities in gender norms. In this context, Oxfam conducted a gender analysis in October-November 2017 in order to identify the impacts that the conflict is having on women, girls, boys and men in the province and their coping mechanisms. This report presents the findings of the analysis and recommendations intended to inform Oxfam’s own humanitarian programmes and those of its partners and other organizations, as well as the wider humanitarian response.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Women, and Norms
Political Geography:: Africa and Democratic Republic of Congo

6. Exploring the Need for Gender-Equitable Fiscal Policies for a Human Economy: Evidence from Uganda and Zimbabwe

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 03-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Fiscal policy can be a powerful tool for governments to help achieve a ‘human economy’, if these policies are designed to address gender inequalities and the gender biases in current macroeconomic thinking. This report uses the case of one element of fiscal policy – public spending – to demonstrate how such policy design could help achieve gender equality and improve human development outcomes in developing countries. The report identifies unpaid care and domestic work as a key area where fiscal policy has a significant impact on gender equality. Using data from Oxfam’s 2017 Household Care Survey in Uganda and Zimbabwe, the report explores the impact on adults’ and children’s/adolescents’ time use of access to improved water sources, electricity, healthcare and childcare. It also considers secondary impacts on measures of well-being and women’s empowerment, including women’s health and decision making.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Science and Technology, Infrastructure, Fiscal Policy, and Domestic Policy
Political Geography:: Uganda, Africa, and Zimbabwe

7. Closing the Divide in Malawi: How to Reduce Inequality and Increase Prosperity for all

Author:: Clare Coffey, Jessica Hamer, and Chiara Mariotti
Publication Date:: 04-2018
Content Type:: Case Study
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Inequality between the richest and the rest in Malawi continues to rise, with poverty remaining extreme and endemic. Climate change is compounding the challenges, with recent droughts and floods likely to have worsened poverty, resulting in one in three Malawians relying on humanitarian assistance in 2016. Economic inequality threatens to undermine the hard-fought and important progress on some aspects of human development in Malawi. This report presents a vision, roadmap and policy recommendations for a more inclusive, equitable and prosperous Malawi. It shows that inequality is not inevitable but the result of policy choices made by those with power. Breaking out of slow and unequal growth requires government, development partners and institutions to work for all, especially for those living at the margins, rather than serving powerful vested interests.
Topic:: Agriculture, Climate Change, Gender Issues, Inequality, and Tax Systems
Political Geography:: Africa and Malawi

8. Infrastructure and Equipment for Unpaid Care Work: Household Survey Findings from the Philippines, Uganda and Zimbabwe

Author:: Sandrine A. Koissy-Kpein and Lucia Rost
Publication Date:: 04-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Care work is essential for personal wellbeing, a healthy society and a functioning economy. But across the world, it is overwhelmingly done by women, which restricts their opportunities. Policy makers rarely recognize the public responsibility for facilitating unpaid care and domestic work through investments in infrastructure and care services. In 2017, Oxfam’s Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) initiative conducted a Household Care Survey (HCS), collecting data in the Philippines, Uganda and Zimbabwe, to inform the design of public policies and local development programmes. The study tests which infrastructure, equipment and other factors influence care-work patterns. It finds that access to improved water sources is associated with reduced hours of care work, and household equipment facilitates men’s participation in care. It also finds that heavy workloads related to long hours of unpaid care can impact women’s health and well-being. Perceptions of care work, community expectations and fear of sanctions for deviating from social norms play an essential part in maintaining the gendered division of care work. The report presents recommendations for government and private sector decision-makers, development practitioners and researchers in the area of women’s economic empowerment on how they can contribute to facilitate the recognition, reduction and redistribution of unpaid care work.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Gender Based Violence, Local, Norms, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Uganda, Africa, Philippines, Zimbabwe, and Asia-Pacific

9. Transformative Leadership for Women’s Rights (TLWR): Lessons and Recommendations from Oxfam’s Experiences

Author:: Ines Smyth
Publication Date:: 04-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The aim of promoting gender equality and women’s rights as integral parts of development efforts is enshrined in the key strategies and plans of many organizations. This is the case for the individual affiliates that comprise Oxfam International (OI), and the Oxfam confederation as a whole. This report sets out to assist Oxfam to better understand and learn from the Confederation’s work in this area to date. The purpose of the report is to provide an initial mapping of work on transformative leadership for women's rights (TLWR) in order to offer suggestions, impetus and a programmatic framework for the development of an ambitious global program on TLWR. It is intended to complement and drive Oxfam’s efforts to bring about the transformation of the pervasive gender inequality that limits women’s wellbeing, confidence and potential, reproduces negative masculinity traits, and contributes to the inequity dominant in contemporary societies.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Leadership, and Feminism
Political Geography:: Global Focus

10. Women’s empowerment in Tunisia: Impact Evaluation of the Project ‘AMAL: Supporting Women’s Transformative Leadership’ in Tunisia

Author:: Simone Lombardini
Publication Date:: 05-2018
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This evaluation is presented as part of the Effectiveness Review Series 2016/17, selected for review under the women’s empowerment thematic area. The evaluation took place in November 2016 in Tunisia, and intended to evaluate the success of the ‘AMAL: Supporting Women’s Transformative Leadership’ project in increasing women’s empowerment. The project ‘AMAL: Supporting Women’s Transformative Leadership’ is a multi-country programme operating in Morocco, Tunisia, the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Yemen, with regional coordination from Lebanon. The results coming from this Effectiveness Review are not meant to be indicative of the overall impact of AMAL, but more a focused assessment for the Tunisia component. The AMAL project operating in Tunisia started in 2012, following the revolution of 2011, with the objective to increase women’s awareness of their political and socio-economic rights, and support women to play a more active role in the political and socio-economic life of their community and country.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Gender Based Violence, and Feminism
Political Geography:: Africa and Tunisia

11. Resilience in Burkina Faso: Impact evaluation of the ‘Resilience, Food security and Nutrition’ project

Author:: Robert Fuller and Alexia Pretari
Publication Date:: 05-2018
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The Resilience, Food Security and Nutrition Project (Projet de Resilience, Securite Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle, PRSAN) was carried out in the North and Centre-North regions of Burkina Faso between 2013 and 2017 by Oxfam and Christian Aid, together with two implementing partners, the Alliance Technique d’Assistance au Developpement (ATAD) and the Office de Developpement des Eglises Evangeliques (ODE). The project was aimed at enabling particularly vulnerable households to increase their resilience and improve their food security and nutritional situation. Project activities included supporting households in crop production, market gardening, processing and household businesses, providing awareness-raising on good nutritional practices, carrying out community-level disaster assessments and establishing early-warning committees, and distributing livestock and cash transfers. The Effectiveness Review was aimed at evaluating the success of this project in enabling participants to build their resilience to shocks, stresses and uncertainty. This report is part of Oxfam’s Effectiveness Review Series.
Topic:: Agriculture, Climate Change, Environment, Gender Issues, and Farming
Political Geography:: Africa and Burkina Faso

12. The Cost of Justice: Exploratory Assessment on Women’s Access to Justice in Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Yemen

Author:: Sarah Barakat
Publication Date:: 06-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Women in the Middle East and North Africa region face challenges in their attempts to seek and get justice. Despite some promising legal awareness initiatives, mostly led by civil society, women’s knowledge of their rights and family law is limited. They lack social capital and the financial means to claim their rights, and the systems in place to provide financial support are insufficient and often ineffective. Women’s pursuit of justice is further limited by entrenched patriarchal values at community and court levels. Though some laws in the countries covered by this research have been positively amended recently, women still face discrimination in the judicial system based on their sex, their religion, and their financial status.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Women, and Justice
Political Geography:: Africa, Middle East, Yemen, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan

13. Understanding Norms around the Gendered Division of Labour: Results from Focus Group Discussions in Zimbabwe

Author:: Emma Samman
Publication Date:: 06-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Social norms refer to the shared expectations held by a given community. They are often held in place by social approval or rewards for conformity, and by disapproval or sanctions for transgressions. Understanding how and why social norms hold sway can provide a powerful means for understanding the gendered division of work that prevails in many communities and inform strategies aimed at promoting change. This report summarizes the main findings from the qualitative research conducted in August 2017 to support on the identification of the main social norms related to unpaid care and domestic work in rural communities in four districts in Zimbabwe. The research served to identify who the leaders are that communities look up to in order to validate social norms change. It helped to identify nascent opportunities for changes in the gendered division of labour, and what the implications are of the findings for planning and practice in addressing inequalities on unpaid care and domestic work.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Labor Issues, Norms, Empowerment, and Care
Political Geography:: Africa and Zimbabwe

14. Empowering Women Through the Mentorship Programme: The case of the Fisherfolk Enterprise

Author:: Mark Vincent Aranas
Publication Date:: 06-2018
Content Type:: Case Study
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In many communities in Southeast Asia, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are crucial drivers of local development and growth. They can play a key role in improving the livelihoods of smallholders, especially women. However, SMEs often do not survive because of the challenges they face in accessing finance and developing logistics and management systems.
Topic:: Agriculture, Gender Issues, Women, Fishing, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Asia and Southeast Asia

15. Drought, Displacement and Livelihoods in Somalia/Somaliland: Time for Gender-Sensitive and Protection-Focused Approaches

Author:: Emma Fanning
Publication Date:: 06-2018
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Thousands of Somali families were displaced to urban centres by the 2017 drought. Research by a group of NGOs indicates that they do not intend to return home anytime soon. It also shows how precarious and limited are the livelihood opportunities for displaced people in Somalia; how far people’s options are affected by gender; and how changing gender dynamics present further protection threats to both men and women. Comparing the findings for Somaliland with those for the rest of the country, the research underscores the importance of local dynamics for people’s opportunities and protection. Gaps were highlighted in the provision of basic services for women particularly. Local, state and federal authorities, donors, and humanitarian and development actors need to improve displaced people’s immediate access to safe, gender-sensitive basic services – and to develop plans for more durable solutions to displacement. As floods in April to June 2018 have forced more people to leave their homes, an immediate step up in the response is essential.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Displacement, NGOs, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Africa and Somalia

16. Breaking the Mould: Changing Belief Systems and Gender Norms to Eliminate Violence Against Women

Author:: Anabel Garrido and Damaris Ruiz
Publication Date:: 07-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In Latin America and the Caribbean, 1831 women died at the hands of men in 2016, and three out of ten women have suffered male violence during their lives. In recent years, countries in the region have made significant progress in tackling the problem by adopting national laws to protect women. This legislative progress is a significant step forward, but gaps in implementation allow a culture of impunity for men who commit violence against women and girls. Without adequate financing and effective means to prevent, report and punish violence against women, the problem will not go away. This report provides insights into the prevalence of belief systems and gender norms among young women and men in the region. It looks in depth at the most entrenched beliefs and behaviours among the younger population and provides ample evidence that we must challenge and change the prevailing belief systems and gender norms if we are to make real progress in guaranteeing the right of all women and girls to a life free from violence. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 1831 women died at the hands of men in 2016, and three out of ten women have suffered male violence during their lives. In recent years, countries in the region have made significant progress in tackling the problem by adopting national laws to protect women. This legislative progress is a significant step forward, but gaps in implementation allow a culture of impunity for men who commit violence against women and girls. Without adequate financing and effective means to prevent, report and punish violence against women, the problem will not go away. This report provides insights into the prevalence of belief systems and gender norms among young women and men in the region. It looks in depth at the most entrenched beliefs and behaviours among the younger population and provides ample evidence that we must challenge and change the prevailing belief systems and gender norms if we are to make real progress in guaranteeing the right of all women and girls to a life free from violence.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Gender Based Violence, Norms, and Domestic Policy
Political Geography:: Latin America, Caribbean, and North America

17. Rohingya Refugee Response Gender Analysis: Recognizing and Responding to Gender Inequalities

Author:: Mita Chowdhury, Nina Gora, Mushfika Laiju, Nicola Padamada, and Iulia Toma
Publication Date:: 08-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Since August 2017, hundreds of thousands of Rohingya refugees have fled Myanmar for camps in the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh. The research for this report was conducted to identify the needs, vulnerabilities, risks and concerns of Rohingya refugee and host community women, girls, men and boys in Cox's Bazar, as well as the skills and opportunities on which they can build. The analysis shows various gaps in the humanitarian response for both communities, especially in terms of accountability, communication with affected communities and disaster preparedness, but also in equitable access to services, in particular for women and girls, and especially for the Rohingya community. The report presents a range of recommendations for agencies responding to the crisis, including on water, sanitation and hygiene; menstrual hygiene management; food security and nutrition; livelihoods; gender-based violence; community and household power structures; women's and girls' leadership; unpaid care work; coping strategies; and community cohesion, among others.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Refugee Crisis, Displacement, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Bangladesh, Asia, and Myanmar

18. Tailor Made: How Syrian Refugee Women are Finding their Own Way to Join the Jordanian Economy

Author:: Shaddin Almasri
Publication Date:: 08-2018
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Earning an income is a struggle for the residents of Za’atari refugee camp in Jordan, and women’s economic participation is extremely low. Oxfam initiated the Lel-Haya (For Life) project in Za’atari to build the capacities of Syrian refugee women, both in vocational training and soft skills. A small number of women involved in the project were subsequently employed by a garment factory in northern Jordan. This briefing note highlights these women’s experiences, the challenges they have faced and how they have overcome them.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Migration, Refugee Crisis, and Economic Development
Political Geography:: Middle East, Syria, and Jordan

19. Gender Roles and the Care Economy in Ugandan Households: The case of Kaabong, Kabale and Kampala districts

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 08-2018
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This report examines the distribution of unpaid care and domestic work in households in the Ugandan districts of Kaabong, Kabale and Kampala. It seeks to understand the connection between social norms and the gendered division of work, including how much time women, men, boys and girls spend on paid work and unpaid care work in a day, as well as how this time use varies between urban and rural areas and between the districts in the study. The authors look closely at childcare, who undertakes it and why. They also analyse what kinds of services are available in each district that might ease the care workload for women and girls. The report makes recommendations for the Ugandan government and relative authorities on how they can recognize, reduce and redistribute care work through policy changes, labour-saving devices and technology, better infrastructure and the provision of care services.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Economic Development, Domestic Policy, and Social Roles
Political Geography:: Uganda and Africa

20. One Year On: Time to Put Women and Girls at the Heart of the Rohingya Response

Author:: Dorothy Sang
Publication Date:: 09-2018
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Beginning on 25 August 2017, over 700,000 Rohingya refugees fled from Myanmar to Bangladesh seeking safety and lifesaving assistance. While safe from the violence they were subjected to in Myanmar, Rohingya women continue to face huge protection risks and challenges in Bangladesh. This briefing paper looks at how the humanitarian response, one year on, is meeting the specific needs of women and girls and what more can and should be done so that women and girls can access services, voice their concerns and hopes for the future and influence the decisions that affect their lives.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Migration, Water, Minorities, Refugees, Displacement, Humanitarian Crisis, and Hygiene
Political Geography:: Bangladesh, Asia, and Myanmar

21. Civil society-led Emergency Preparedness for Women with Disabilities in Gaza

Author:: Richard Chilvers, Noor Abu Kwaik, and Annabel Morrissey
Publication Date:: 01-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Gaza has long been a place of desperate need, with huge challenges in all areas of civic life. Devastating escalations in violence not only destroy lives and infrastructure, but also hope and aspiration. In the midst of this, the most marginalized people are often ignored or forgotten. As part of the Within and Without the State programme, community researchers worked with women with disabilities to enable them to devise a plan for periods of crisis. This included strengthening emergency preparedness, coordinating assistance, ensuring shelters are disability-friendly and supporting long-term advocacy for women with disabilities.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Women, and Disability
Political Geography:: Israel, Palestine, and Gaza

22. Institutionalizing Gender in Emergencies: Case Study of Pakistan

Author:: Steph Avis, Uzma Batool, Eliza Hilton, and Irnum Malik
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This case study describes implementation of the project Institutionalizing Gender in Emergencies: Bridging Policy and Practice. The project, supported by ECHO Enhanced Response Capacity and Oxfam, was implemented by Oxfam in Pakistan between September 2015 and March 2017.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Governance, Feminism, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Pakistan and Middle East

23. An Economy that Works for Women: Achieving Women's Economic Empowerment in an Increasingly Unequal World

Author:: Rowan Harvey, Anam Parvez, and Francesca Rhodes
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Women’s economic empowerment could reduce poverty for everyone. In order to achieve it, we need to first fix the current broken economic model which is undermining gender equality and causing extreme economic inequality. The neoliberal model has made it harder for women to have better quality and better paid jobs, address inequality in unpaid care work, and women’s influence and decision making power is constrained. To achieve women’s economic empowerment, we need a human economy that works for women and men alike, and for everyone, not just the richest 1%.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Labor Issues, Discrimination, and Femininity
Political Geography:: Global Focus

24. Legislative Wins, Broken Promises: Gaps in implementation of laws on violence against women and girls

Author:: Christine Hughes
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This multi-country research report examines the problem of implementation gaps – government failures to fulfill their legislative obligations to address and prevent violence against women and girls. It presents a comparative analysis of shortfalls between government commitments as laid out in laws, and the realities for survivors of violence as they try to access services and justice. Drawing also on positive examples, lessons are shared about what can be done to improve the implementation of laws, and how civil society organizations can more effectively hold governments to account, so that laws can have a greater impact on ending violence against women and girls.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Governance, and Gender Based Violence
Political Geography:: Global Focus

25. Institutionalizing Gender in Emergencies: Case study of Dominican Republic

Author:: Zobeyda Cepeda and Eliza Hilton
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This case study describes implementation of the project Institutionalizing Gender in Emergencies: Bridging Policy and Practice.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Governance, Bureaucracy, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Caribbean, Dominican Republic, and North America

26. Consolidated Gender Analysis for Disaster Response in Pakistan

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Pakistan is highly vulnerable to disasters, but disasters have very different impacts on women, girls, men and boys. Moreover, organizations involved in relief efforts are currently not paying sufficient attention to the needs of women and girls. This analysis by Oxfam identifies the main areas where a gender gap is apparent, and puts forward recommendations for addressing these issues.
Topic:: Disaster Relief, Gender Issues, Children, and Disaster Management
Political Geography:: Pakistan and Middle East

27. Training Manual: Gender leadership in humanitarian action

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Gender interacts with multiple factors including but not limited to age, ethnicity, disability, caste, class, religion and environment, to determine an individual’s ability to be aware of, lay claim to, and access their rights and entitlements. In times of crisis ‘ whether slow or sudden onset, climate or conflict driven ‘ there are shifts in how these factors interact that present opportunities and risks for women, girls, men and boys in accessing their rights, in the short, medium and longer term. Humanitarian (and development) actors need to be sensitive to these risks and opportunities. The purpose of this training manual is to support the institutionalization of gender equality and women’s rights in all humanitarian action. It was developed by Oxfam to support the implementation of the project Institutionalizing Gender in Emergencies: Bridging Policy and Practice in the Humanitarian System, supported by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) during 2015 to 2017. The aim of this initial training is to develop a critical mass of committed gender leaders ‘ some might call these ‘change agents’ or ‘change-makers’ ‘ who can together influence changes in policy and practice at different levels across the humanitarian system.
Topic:: Environment, Gender Issues, Minorities, Crisis Management, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Europe

28. Institutionalizing Gender in Emergencies: Case study of Ethiopia

Author:: Steph Avis, Eliza Hilton, and Ankets Petros
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This case study describes implementation of the project Institutionalizing Gender in Emergencies: Bridging Policy and Practice.
Topic:: Development, Gender Issues, Institutionalism, and Risk
Political Geography:: Africa and Ethiopia

29. Women’s Empowerment in Armenia: Impact Evaluation of the Women’s Economic Empowerment Project in Rural Communities in Vayots Dzor region

Author:: Simone Lombardini
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This evaluation is presented as part of the Effectiveness Review Series 2015/16, selected for review under the women’s empowerment thematic area. The evaluation took place in November 2015 in Vayots Dzor region – Armenia. It intended to evaluate the success of the ‘Women’s economic empowerment in rural communities of Vayots Dzor region’ project in achieving its objectives: increasing household income (by promoting agriculture/horticulture and agribusiness) and promoting women’s economic empowerment.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Economic Growth, Feminism, and Rural
Political Geography:: Asia, Armenia, and West Asia

30. Joint NGO Briefing: Brussels Syria Conference

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 03-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Today more than ever, the international community must share responsibility and stand firmly in support of Syria’s civilian population. It is clear however that the aid response, as vital as it is, will only go so far and cannot fully address the needs of Syrian communities to be free from violence and the violations of international human rights (IHRL) and humanitarian law (IHL) that characterize the conflict. In this briefing, Oxfam joins with a variety of agencies and coordination fora to call on all members of the international community, in particular permanent members of the UN Security Council and the EU and EU member states who are discussing post-agreement planning, to insist on the full implementation of relevant UN Security Council resolutions on Syria that relate to respect for IHL and IHRL, as well as implementation of the Geneva Communique of 2012. The Brussels conference should also set the foundation for inclusive and meaningful participation of Syrian NGOs and civil society, including youth and women’s groups, as key partners in ensuring effective post-agreement planning that captures the needs and desires of the people of Syria and supports local community rebuilding and resilience.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, European Union, NGOs, Local, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Europe, Middle East, and Syria

31. Dominican Republic Gender Analysis: A Study of the Impact of the Zika Virus on Women, Girls, Boys and Men

Author:: Carlos Arenas, Zobeyda Cepeda, Tess Dico-Young, Caroline Green, Eliza Hilton, and Valeria Vilardo
Publication Date:: 04-2017
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The current outbreak of Zika virus in the Dominican Republic is having severe consequences on the lives and health of thousands of people. In order to assess the gender practical and strategic needs of women, girls, boys and men, Oxfam and Doctors of the World conducted a gender analysis in May-October 2016. The analysis seeks to understand the impact of Zika on different population groups, their specific vulnerabilities and needs and their coping mechanisms. The study aims to provide findings and recommendations to support humanitarian agencies to intervene in this health emergency in a gender-responsive way and also to mainstream Zika with a gender perspective into emergency responses caused by natural disasters.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Public Health, Pandemic, and Zika
Political Geography:: Caribbean, Dominican Republic, and North America

32. A Resilient Present and Future are Possible

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 04-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Asia is exposed and vulnerable to a wide range of natural and manmade hazards. In many respects, it is the global epicenter for disasters. Its location makes it prone to destructive hazards that are exacerbated by climate change, leading to an increasing number of cyclones, sea level rises, severe drought, and other extreme climate effects. This vulnerability is compounded by poverty. The majority of the world’s poorest people today live in Asia, thus protection and recovery from these disasters remain difficult. In Asia, Oxfam continues to work with partners and vulnerable communities to promote resilience against existing risks and new risks from natural and human induced disasters that impact disadvantaged poor people in Asia. This map provides an overview of the extensive work in 11 countries in Asia and features different kinds of approaches towards building resilience: small holder agriculture and enterprises; water resilience; urban resilience; natural resource management; working with the private sector to build resilience; and climate finance and gender justice, among others.
Topic:: Agriculture, Climate Change, Disaster Relief, Gender Issues, and Water
Political Geography:: Asia

33. Gender and Conflict Analysis in ISIS Affected Communities of Iraq

Author:: Simone E. Carter and Luisa Dietrich
Publication Date:: 05-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This gender and conflict analysis of ISIS-affected communities of Iraq aims to improve understanding of gender dynamics in the context of conflict and displacement. The report sets out to identify the differential impact of ISIS occupation on women, girls, men and boys in order to explore shifts in prevailing gender norms held by study participants in Anbar, Salah Al Din and Nineveh governorates of Iraq. The objective is to enhance the understanding of the social pressures women and men experience when aiming to conform to context-specific gendered expectations of masculinity and femininity, in order to derive concrete recommendations for gender-responsive and conflict-sensitive humanitarian and recovery programming.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Terrorism, ISIS, Conflict, Local, and Community
Political Geography:: Iraq and Middle East

34. Now is the Time: Research on Gender Justice, Conflict and Fragility in the Middle East and North Africa

Author:: Kristine Anderson and Henri Myrttinen
Publication Date:: 05-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This study examines the impact of fragility and conflict on gender justice and women’s rights in the MENA, as a part of an Oxfam project entitled ‘Promoting the Needs of Women in Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa’ funded through the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. It specifically aims to understand how conflict and fragility in four different contexts – Egypt, Iraq, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Yemen – have impacted the realization of gender equality and gender justice in the past several years of political and social upheaval.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Territorial Disputes, Feminism, Conflict, and Equality
Political Geography:: Middle East, Israel, and Palestine

35. Governance in Tajikistan: Evaluation of the Women Smallholder Farmer Advocacy Campaign

Author:: Clay Westrope
Publication Date:: 06-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This evaluation is presented as part of the Effectiveness Review Series 2015/16, randomly selected for review under the good governance thematic area. This report documents the findings of a qualitative impact evaluation, carried out in May 2016. The evaluation used process tracing to assess the effectiveness of the GROW campaign in Tajikistan. In an effort to complement agricultural value chain programming implemented by a variety of organisations in the Khatlon region of Tajikistan, Oxfam GB (OGB) integrated aspects of its global advocacy campaign, GROW. The GROW campaign takes a multi-pronged approach to the multi-faceted issue of global food insecurity by focusing on a diversity of causes, including climate change, land reform issues, industrial farming, and private sector policies. In Tajikistan, the campaign team selected contextually relevant key issues to guide its advocacy activities, including climate change, land reform, and water availability with a focus on women smallholder farmers as the key agricultural producers. OGB did this through trainings, workshops, round tables, and highly visual events integrated with previous and currently existing programming. In Tajikistan, the GROW Campaign was implemented in a distinctive way by leveraging synergies between previous, existing, and future programming both directly and tangentially related to the main themes of the campaign. Rather than serving as a standalone campaign, GROW served as a platform from which to promote, influence, and advocate on issues through related projects being implemented on the ground.
Topic:: Agriculture, Gender Issues, Governance, Feminism, Rural, Farming, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Central Asia, Asia, and Tajikistan

36. Finance for a Fruitful Future: Dutch Aid for Agriculture 2005-2015

Author:: Hugo Hooijer and Madelon Meijer
Publication Date:: 06-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Dutch oofficial development assistance (ODA) for agriculture has been on the rise in the last five years. However, it remains unclear whether Dutch ODA expenditures on agriculture are reaching female smallholder farmers. Empowering smallholders, especially women, is a proven solution for reducing hunger and poverty. This is particularly true of the rural poor, who are the worst affected by the impacts of climate change. This paper calls on the Dutch government to combine a strong ODA budget for agriculture with a solid strategy for resolving hunger by 2030, to scale up climate finance for adaptations in the agricultural sector, and to supply improved data on the impact of agricultural investments for each target group and gender.
Topic:: Agriculture, Gender Issues, Poverty, Sustainable Development Goals, and Farming
Political Geography:: Africa

37. Working in Partnership With Others: Facilitating Changes in Livelihoods in Rwanda

Author:: Ian Goodrich
Publication Date:: 06-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The programme has four main objectives: Employment and value chain development. Enhancing the enabling environment for agricultural markets and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Strengthening citizen participation in government decision making related to the agriculture sector. Strengthening women’s economic leadership. This document focuses on these areas and how the programme has addressed the government’s ban on the use of plastic bags, which created an obstacle for small-scale producers.
Topic:: Agriculture, Development, Gender Issues, Governance, Leadership, Participation, and Value Chains
Political Geography:: Africa and Rwanda

38. DRR and CCA in the Philippines: Promoting Women’s Participation and Leadership

Author:: Rhoda Avila, Sarah Barakat, Ana Maria Caspe, and Dante Dalabajan
Publication Date:: 07-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Oxfam’s climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) programme in the Philippines focuses on conflict-prone and climate change-sensitive areas, as well as areas affected by Typhoon Haiyan in Mindanao. The programme aims to help poor women, men and their communities become more resilient to the impacts of climate change. This includes enhancing their well-being and emotional resilience to the shocks, stresses and uncertainties of everyday life. The programme hopes to achieve this by helping community members and local and national government to prepare for disasters, and by encouraging government to secure investment and support from the private sector.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Women, Leadership, and Participation
Political Geography:: Philippines and Oceania

39. Community Protection Structures: Influencing for Local-Level Change in Conflict Settings in the DRC

Author:: Sarah Barakat and Melanie Kesmaecker-Wissing
Publication Date:: 07-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Using learning from protection programming in Colombia, Oxfam has been implementing its community protection programme in the DRC since 2006. It aims to help individuals prevent, and respond to, violence and abuse, while also holding duty-bearers to account for the protection of civilian populations. The programme uses a community-based approach that involves building Community Protection Structures (CPSs). Supported by Oxfam and partners, these are designed to identify the main threats faced by communities and find the best way of addressing them, while engaging with local authorities. The programme seeks to address power imbalances, between men and women and also between rights holders and duty-bearers. Its core premise is that communication among community members, and between them and local authorities, is key in order to find pragmatic ways to uphold people’s rights while also holding authorities to account. This communication must be informed by a shared understanding of human rights.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Civil Rights, Community, and Protected People
Political Geography:: Democratic Republic of Congo

40. Young Couples in Good Times and in Bad: Social Norms that Perpetuate Violence Against Women and Girls Among Young Tunisians in Peri-urban Areas

Author:: Saskia van Veen, Salma Jrad, and Galand Soufia
Publication Date:: 07-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Around half of women in Tunisia have experienced some form of violence in their life. Over 90% of the population thinks women should be discreet to avoid violence in public spaces. From the perspective of Oxfam and dozens of women’s rights organisations, social norms that legitimise gender inequality and violence are rooted in the deeply entrenched belief – found, to some extent, in every country – that men and boys are more valuable than women and girls. ENOUGH, a worldwide Oxfam campaign, aims to replace harmful social norms with more positive ones that promote gender equality and non-violence. To better understand how social norms are constructed among young people in Tunisia and how they influence behaviour, Oxfam Tunisia conducted formative research by interviewing 40 young men and women and analysing the results with experts, NGOs and bloggers working on violence against women and girls (VAWG). From the research and subsequent analysis in a workshop, three social norms were identified as drivers of violence: women should not strive for equal decision-making status in their relationship; women should prioritise home and family over public or professional life; and women should behave in public in a way that respects male domination. This research will inform the development of the ENOUGH campaign in Tunisia, sharpening its focus on changing the norms that underlie VAWG.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Gender Based Violence, and Norms
Political Geography:: Africa and Tunisia

41. Applying Feminist Principles to Program Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability and Learning

Author:: Daniela Koerppen and Shawna Wakefield
Publication Date:: 07-2017
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Oxfam is committed to mainstreaming women’s rights and to transforming unequal gender and power relations. For its programmes, this means that it needs to track its contributions to these changes. This paper aims to share reflections on how to apply feminist principles to monitoring, evaluation, accountability and learning (MEAL) practice. It includes case studies of Oxfam’s experience of applying these principles to its programmes.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Feminism, Accountability, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Global Focus

42. Building Resilience through Iterative Processes: Mainstreaming Ancestral Knowledge, Social Movements, and the Making of Sustainable Programming in Bolivia

Author:: Riccardo Vitale
Publication Date:: 08-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This case study takes a retrospective look at the 2010-11 Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG-ECHO) Small-Scale Disaster Project in La Paz and the context within which it took place. Our research found that absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities can be fostered by iterative development processes. It also demonstrated that disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation are strongly tied to resilient, sustainable, long-term development. Resilience, however, is not an a priori conceptual framework of development programming; rather it is a life process engendered within specific communities. Consequently, development practitioners must construct programs based on rigorous, ethical, and sound research integrating scientific with local and ancestral knowledge. This is the only approach that can generate environmentally healthy and productive, sustainable, and equitable life systems. This report is part of a series that seeks to draw lessons from resilience projects in Latin America and the Pacific.
Topic:: Climate Change, Disaster Relief, Gender Issues, Social Movement, Urban, and Sustainability
Political Geography:: Latin America, North America, and Asia-Pacific

43. Macroeconomic Policy and Women’s Economic Empowerment

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 09-2017
Content Type:: Commentary and Analysis
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: At its core, the economic empowerment of women – to succeed and advance economically and to make and act on economic decisions – depends on the quantity and quality of paid employment, the provision or absence of public services, the amount of unpaid care work borne by women, as well as coverage or lack thereof under core social and labour protections. This paper discusses how macroeconomic policies are crucial enablers of gender equality, as they shape the overall economic environment for advancing women’s economic empowerment. It focuses on how macroeconomic policies support employment creation, the level of unpaid care required of women and the size of fiscal space, which determines the resources available for governments to promote gender equality.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Income Inequality, Macroeconomics, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Global Focus

44. Using Internal Evaluations to Measure Organizational Impact: A Meta-Analysis of Oxfam’s Women’s Empowerment Projects

Author:: Simone Lombardini and Kristen McCollum
Publication Date:: 09-2017
Content Type:: Commentary and Analysis
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis examining the overall impact of women’s empowerment projects evaluated as part of Oxfam GB’s Effectiveness Reviews. Results show a positive and significant impact on the Women’s Empowerment Index and mixed results with its individual indicators. We found a statistically significant effect on opinions on women’s economic role and their ability to participate and have influence in the community. We did not find evidence of overall changes in power within the household nor with the share of household income. The meta-analysis also found statistically significant overall effects where the individual studies were too under-powered to detect impact. This paper provides an example of how using meta-analysis in the presence of a robust organizational global evaluation framework can enable evidence-based learning, organizational accountability and better programme implementation.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Women, Economic Inequality, Content Analysis, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Global Focus

45. Financing Women Farmers: The need to Increase and Redirect Agriculture and Climate Adaptation Resources

Author:: Rebecca Pearl-Martinez
Publication Date:: 10-2017
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Oxfam analysis finds that governments and donors are failing to provide women farmers with relevant and adequate support for farming and adapting to climate change. Oxfam conducted research on government and donor investments in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and Tanzania. It found that funding in these countries is significantly lower than commitments that have been made, and there is little evidence of resources and technical assistance reaching women farmers. Resources are being diverted to priorities other than smallholder farmers, and for the most part governments lack the capacity to deliver funding to them. This paper presents the findings along with recommendations for governments.
Topic:: Agriculture, Climate Change, Gender Issues, Women, and Farming
Political Geography:: Pakistan, Africa, Middle East, Philippines, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Ghana

46. Tourism’s Dirty Secret: The exploitation of hotel housekeepers

Author:: Diana Sarosi
Publication Date:: 10-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Tourism is booming and generates millions of jobs for women around the world. Yet the hotel industry exemplifies the vast inequality of today’s world. The women who make hotel beds and clean hotel toilets labour long hours for meagre pay, face sexual harassment and intimidation, are exposed daily to toxic chemicals and live in fear of arbitrary dismissal. Meanwhile, the top-earning hotel CEOs can earn more in an hour than some housekeepers do in a year. Such systematic exploitation is not inevitable. The hotel industry, consumers and governments must all be part of the solution to end the economic exploitation of women. This report examines the working lives of housekeepers in Toronto, Canada, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and Phuket, Thailand. In dozens of interviews with hotel housekeepers, representatives of workers’ organizations and hotel managers, Oxfam found five overarching trends common to the three locations: in non-unionized hotels, extremely low wages that are not sufficient to live on; serious health risks and high rates of injury; high rates of sexual harassment; difficulty organizing due to employer resistance and bad management practices; and a lack of adequate child care.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Labor Issues, Governance, Tourism, Sexual Violence, and Exploitation
Political Geography:: Canada, Asia, Caribbean, Dominican Republic, North America, and Thailand

47. Empowering Grassroots Women Through Transformational Partnerships in Agricultural Value Chains

Author:: Mark Vincent Aranas
Publication Date:: 09-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The Gender Transformative and Responsible Agribusiness Investments in South East Asia (GRAISEA) programme works to promote women’s economic empowerment in agricultural value chains. The agricultural sector is heavily reliant on women workers, but these women do not have equal access to resources – only 12 percent of the three million landowners in Asia are women, for example. Together with the Institute for Social Enterprise for Asia and its partners, GRAISEA documented the stories of women who have been empowered by partnerships in the Philippines and Thailand. This case study tells their stories and presents a set of benchmarks for how transformational partnerships can be implemented in agricultural value chains.
Topic:: Agriculture, Gender Issues, Economic Inequality, Fishing, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Asia and South East Asia

48. Measuring Impact: A Meta-Analysis of Oxfam’s Livelihoods Effectiveness Reviews

Author:: Rob Fuller
Publication Date:: 11-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis examining the overall impact of 23 livelihoods projects evaluated as part of Oxfam GB’s Effectiveness Reviews between 2011 and 2016. Results show a statistically significant, positive impact on the welfare of participants, measured by household consumption and wealth. Analysis indicates an increase in household consumption of approximately 6.6% (95% confidence interval from 1.6% to 11.9%). While some projects had more positive results than others, these differences are not explained by regions, whether the country has lower-income or middle-income status, whether households were initially poorer than average, nor by project scale, budget or duration. However, there is some evidence that female-headed households have tended to benefit less from the projects than male-headed households. Projects that targeted a specific agricultural product or products (such as vegetables, coffee or dairy production) were generally found to be successful in promoting production and sales.
Topic:: Agriculture, Gender Issues, Food, Economic Growth, Farming, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Global Focus

49. Why is Women’s Work Low-Paid? Establishing a framework for understanding the causes of low pay among professions traditionally dominated by women

Author:: Jill Rubery
Publication Date:: 11-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This discussion paper was commissioned by Oxfam’s UK Programme to understand why certain occupations in the UK labour market, traditionally dominated by women, are low-paid. The paper argues that jobs associated with traditional and outdated notions of ‘women’s role in the home’ extends into the jobs market. This affects attitudes towards remuneration in professions such as cleaning and caring. The paper sets out a framework for understanding the risks of low pay and to explore the issue of the undervaluing of low-paid jobs with respect primarily to women. The author calls these the five ‘V’s: visibility, valuation, vocation, value-added and variance, and sets out a possible series of policy responses.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Poverty, Labor Issues, Inequality, Income Inequality, and Labor Rights
Political Geography:: United Kingdom and Europe

50. Cash Cropping and Care: How Cash Crop Development is Changing Gender Relations and Unpaid Care Work in Oromia, Ethiopia

Author:: Franziska Mager, Martin Walsh, and Fiona Remnant
Publication Date:: 12-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world and prone to both natural and man-made disasters. More than three-quarters of the population live in rural areas and depend on agriculture. Women are particularly vulnerable, lacking access to and control over land and other resources, and facing harmful social norms. Oxfam has worked in Ethiopia for many years, including on interventions to support smallholder production and marketing and to promote women’s economic empowerment. One of these was the Coffee Value Chain project, in Oromia regional state, and the subject of this report. The report examines quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the project, and its findings underline the importance of understanding the wider context in which gender and care relations are both reproduced and negotiated.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Poverty, Economic Inequality, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Kenya and Africa

51. Transforming Care After Conflict: How Gendered Care Relations are Being Redefined in Northern Uganda

Author:: Barbara Garber, Anam Parvez, and Martin Walsh
Publication Date:: 12-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Northern Uganda has suffered from chronic food shortages and high levels of poverty, political insecurity and adverse environmental conditions. Women can be particularly disadvantaged, constrained by a lack of access to and control over resources, patriarchal exploitation, and harmful social norms. Oxfam implemented a series of interventions in Karamoja to support women’s livelihoods and promote their socio-economic empowerment and rights. One of these was the Piloting Gender Sensitive Livelihoods in Karamoja (PGSLK) project. This report assesses two evaluations of the project: a quantitative impact evaluation, which found that its economic empowerment activities in Kotido had a positive impact for women overall; and a qualitative follow-up study designed to dig deeper into the findings about care work as part of Oxfam’s Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care initiative (WE-Care). This report discusses the implications of its results for addressing care in women’s empowerment (particularly in post-conflict settings in Uganda and beyond), and reflects critically on the process of the evaluation itself and how it might be improved.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Inequality, Conflict, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Uganda and Africa

52. Balancing the Books: Including women and protecting refugees is essential to realizing small business growth in Jordan

Author:: Oxfam Publishing
Publication Date:: 12-2017
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: It is essential that opportunities for job growth are supported both for refugees in Jordan and the vulnerable communities hosting them. Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) can be a key driver of job growth. Promoting MSMEs could also help to address gender inequality and protection issues for refugees in Jordan. This joint agency paper was written by the LEADERS Consortium of NGOs, which aims to contribute to the economic self-reliance, resilience and stability of Syrian refugees and vulnerable host communities in Jordan. It presents research conducted among women and men small business owners in central and northern Jordan on the challenges they face. It makes recommendations on how the Government of Jordan, businesses, the financial sector and NGOs can support women, refugees and Jordanian host communities to start and grow small businesses.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Refugee Issues, Inequality, Economic Growth, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Middle East, Syria, and Jordan

53. ‘Sima’: The ‘Great Equalizer’ Pushes Everyone to Destitution: Gender Analysis for Drought Response in Ethiopia – Somali Region

Author:: Tess Dico-Young, Ankets Petros, and Bethel Terefe
Publication Date:: 12-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Despite impressive economic growth recorded in Ethiopia over the past decade, chronic food insecurity affects many. The country’s subsistence crop and livestock agriculture is vulnerable to climate change and rainfall variability. The Ethiopian Somali region is one of the regions worst affected. A shortage of rainfall in the region over the past three consecutive years has resulted in huge losses of livestock and internal displacement of people. Although the drought affects everyone, men and women experience the impacts of the drought differently. The objective of this gender analysis is to understand the different impacts of the drought on men, women, girls, and boys, and their different coping mechanisms and potentials, in order to design and deliver humanitarian interventions responsive to their different needs. The study was conducted in Somali region, in six kebeles (wards/towns) of six woredas (districts) in the Jarrar, Doolo, and Afder zones.
Topic:: Climate Change, Environment, Gender Issues, and Displacement
Political Geography:: Africa and Ethiopia

54. Beneath the Dryland: Kenya Drought Gender Analysis

Author:: Maria Libertad Mella Dometita
Publication Date:: 12-2017
Content Type:: Research Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In the arid and semi-arid land (ASAL) counties of Kenya, people are experiencing a food security and nutrition crisis as a result of the drought that has worsened since August 2016. The drought has undermined coping capacities and exacerbated vulnerabilities, for example by destroying livelihoods and triggering local conflicts over scare resources. This report draws on research conducted in two ASAL counties – Turkana and Wajir – on how people are coping. The main objective of the research was to understand the gendered needs, vulnerabilities and capacities of people in Turkana and Wajir and the specific gendered risks they face, in order to identify opportunities for increasing their agency, voice, participation and economic empowerment. The study also sought to understand the interactions between duty bearers and people affected by the drought, and the capacity of duty bearers to provide humanitarian assistance. The report presents key findings from the research and recommendations on how to strengthen the humanitarian response.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Famine, Governance, Food Security, and Displacement
Political Geography:: Kenya and Africa

55. Missiles and Food: Yemen’s Man-Made Food Security Crisis

Author:: Larissa Alles
Publication Date:: 12-2017
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The current high levels of food insecurity in Yemen and the threat of famine are the results of more than two-and-a-half years of war, and have added to the already high levels existing pre-war. The economic crisis and loss of livelihoods has left people without the means to purchase what is available in the market. The situation has been made dramatically worse by the closure of key entry points for commercial imports, which is also affecting the availability of fuel and clean water. This is a deadly combination, especially for the most vulnerable in society, including women and children. This briefing calls for action by all actors in the conflict and by the international community to protect the civilian population from the effects of the war and to alleviate the food crisis. It calls for renewed momentum towards a peace deal which is inclusive of women, civil society, youth and minorities, and which begins with an immediate, nationwide ceasefire.
Topic:: Gender Issues, War, Children, Food Security, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Middle East, Yemen, and Persian Gulf

56. From the Ground Up: Gender and conflict analysis in Yemen

Author:: Wolfgang Gressmann
Publication Date:: 10-2016
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Conflicts and humanitarian crises affect men, women, girls, and boys differently due to their different societal roles and the deep-rooted socio-cultural and economic inequalities which become exacerbated during crises. Men and boys form the vast majority of direct victims of armed conflict and associated impacts like forced recruitment or arbitrary detention. Women bear the burdens of running the households under extreme stress and are often exposed to different forms of gender-based violence. During emergencies, women and girls become more vulnerable as basic services collapse and livelihoods diminish. In order to better understand the impact of armed conflict on men, women, boys, and girls, and the changes that have resulted in gender roles and relationships at household and community levels since the onset of conflict in March 2015, Oxfam, CARE and GenCap in Yemen collaborated to collect and analyse available data to further inform immediate humanitarian response as well as longer-term programming in Yemen.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Gender Based Violence, Conflict, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: Middle East, Yemen, and Persian Gulf

57. Trash Talk: Turning Waste into Work in Jordan’s Za’atari Refugee Camp

Author:: Soman Moodley
Publication Date:: 08-2016
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Syrian refugees have the capacity to provide key support for service delivery and the expertise to contribute to the expansion of new productive economic sectors. This paper highlights an innovative approach to solid waste management and income generation, and aims to promote further dialogue on the role that Syrians can play in the Jordanian economy.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Refugee Crisis, Displacement, Humanitarian Crisis, Community, and Empowerment
Political Geography:: Middle East, Syria, and Jordan

58. Somali Solutions: Creating conditions for a gender-just peace

Author:: Siham Rayale, Ed Pomfret, and Deborah Wright
Publication Date:: 08-2015
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This report looks at Somali women's experiences with conflict, peace, violence, insecurity and state rebuilding. It uses an approach geared towards gender-just peace-building to understand the ways in which Somali women have fulfilled their role as agents of change, while navigating the challenges posed by women's exclusion from many forms of public life (government, civil society, universities, open markets etc). Interviews and focus groups have been used to illustrate diverse perspectives and to demonstrate that Somali women have always been principal agents of change and social transformation. The report's recommendations are an acknowledgement of the role Somali women have played throughout the course of Somali history, and continue to play today, in shaping the pathway towards greater participation for women across Somali regions, and the challenges they face in so doing.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Social Movement, Women, and Gender Based Violence
Political Geography:: Africa and Somalia

59. Implementing the PWDVA: Safeguarding women from domestic violence

Author:: Pooja Parvati
Publication Date:: 10-2015
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) is one of the most widespread, and yet the least recognized, human rights violations across the world. It can manifest in many forms, but the most common form experienced by women globally is physical violence inflicted by an intimate partner. Documenting this continues to be a challenge due to lack of reliable, timely datasets. In 2005, the government of India enacted the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), which came into force in 2006. Nine years later, progress in its implementation is insignificant as it remains plagued by challenges such as inadequate funds and human resources, poor coordination across implementing agencies and ineffective monitoring mechanisms. Addressing these would go a long way in strengthening the Act and making it effective. This also corresponds with the Indian government’s wholehearted commitment to ‘Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls’ by the year 2030 through its adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Topic:: Gender Issues, Human Rights, Gender Based Violence, and Humanitarian Crisis
Political Geography:: India, Asia, and Global Focus

60. Close the Gap: How to eliminate violence against women beyond 2015

Author:: Daniela Rosche
Publication Date:: 03-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: At least one in three women worldwide will experience some form of violence during their lifetime, often perpetrated by an intimate partner. Violence against women and girls is a fundamental human rights issue and a central challenge to development, democracy and peace.
Topic:: Political Violence, Civil Society, Democratization, Development, Gender Issues, and Human Rights

61. What Next for Mali? Four priorities for better governance in Mali

Author:: Nicolas Vercken and Surendrini Wijeyaratne
Publication Date:: 02-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The 2013 elections helped to restore constitutional order in Mali and marked the start of a period of hope for peace, stability and development. The challenge is now to respond to the Malian people's desire for improved governance.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, Diplomacy, Gender Issues, and Governance
Political Geography:: Africa

62. The G20 and Gender Equality: How the G20 can advance women's rights in employment, social protection and fiscal policies

Author:: Wakefield Shawna
Publication Date:: 07-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In its 'World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development', the World Bank asserted that gender equality was a core development objective in its own right and also 'smart economics' The same year, in their Los Cabos Declaration, G20 leaders committed to tackling the barriers to women's full economic and social participation and to expanding opportunities for women in their countries. Oxfam supports this commitment, and calls on the G20 to go further and assess the entirety of their agenda and actions in the light of development and rights-based commitments to women's rights and gender equality.
Topic:: Economics, Gender Issues, Politics, Labor Issues, and Sociology

63. Women's Economic Leadership in Asia: A review of WEL programming

Author:: Bowman Kimberly
Publication Date:: 09-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This report summarizes an internal review of Women‟s Economic Leadership (WEL) programming in Asia. Conducted by an internal MEL advisor in 2013–2014, the review draws upon project documentation, evaluation reports, site visits and staff and partner interviews to try and reflect how WEL programming is being implemented by Oxfam and partners in Asia. Part of a formative evaluation activity, the report aims to help gather and consolidate good practice, based on what Oxfam project teams and partners have learned through recent experience and evaluation. There are at least four distinct topics covered in this report that may be of specific interest to readers.
Topic:: Economics, Gender Issues, and Sociology
Political Geography:: Asia

64. Even it Up: Time to end extreme inequality

Author:: Emma Seery and Ana Arendar
Publication Date:: 10-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Nthabiseng was born to a poor black family in Limpopo, a rural area in South Africa. On the same day, Pieter was born nearby in a rich suburb of Cape Town. Nthabiseng's mother had no formal schooling and her father is unemployed, whereas Pieter's parents both completed university education at Stellenbosch University and have well-paid jobs.
Topic:: Corruption, Economics, Gender Issues, and Social Stratification
Political Geography:: South Africa

65. Women and Inclusive Peace Building in Afghanistan

Author:: Babrak Osman
Publication Date:: 10-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Afghanistan is one of four Oxfam country programmes delivering the Within and Without the State (WWS) programme, funded by DFID from 2011 to 2016 under the Conflict, Humanitarian and Security Programme Partnership Arrangement (CHASE PPA). WWS is piloting innovative approaches to working with civil society to promote more accountable governance in conflict-affected and fragile contexts.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Civil Society, Gender Issues, Peace Studies, War, and Youth Culture
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Central Asia

66. Behind Closed Doors: The risk of denying women a voice in determining Afghanistan's future

Author:: Elizabeth Cameron and Jorrit Kamminga
Publication Date:: 11-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: As the Taliban regime fell in 2001 after six years of abuse and oppression, the international community made a promise to the women of Afghanistan, that it would never again abandon them. The protection of their rights, at least in part, became a key element to afterwards legitimize the war which followed. It is 13 years since Colin Powell, then- US Secretary of State, declared that, 'the rights of the women in Afghanistan will not be negotiable.' Now Afghan women are questioning what the future holds.
Topic:: Democratization, Gender Issues, Human Rights, and Self Determination
Political Geography:: Afghanistan

67. The G20 and Gender Equality: How the G20 can advance women's rights in employment, social protection and fiscal policies

Author:: Shawna Wakefield
Publication Date:: 07-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In its "World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development?, the World Bank asserted that gender equality was a core development objective in its own right and also "smart economics?. The same year, in their Los Cabos Declaration, G20 leaders committed to tackling the barriers to women?s full economic and social participation and to expanding opportunities for women in their countries. Oxfam supports this commitment, and calls on the G20 to go further and assess the entirety of their agenda and actions in the light of development and rights-based commitments to women?s rights and gender equality.
Topic:: Economics, Gender Issues, Labor Issues, and Reform

68. The BRICS Development Bank: Why the world's newest global bank must adopt a pro-poor agenda

Author:: Lysa John
Publication Date:: 06-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In July 2014, a new multilateral and Southern-led development bank is expected to be launched by the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – better known as the BRICS. The BRICS Development Bank will provide a fresh source of finance for developing and emerging economies to meet their development needs. Little has been made public regarding the proposed Bank's core mandate or activities but while governments negotiate the technicalities of the Bank, it is critical that they also provide a solid vision of the principles, priorities and objectives on which the Bank's activities and operations will be premised. This policy brief recommends that these include commitments to: ending extreme poverty and inequality, with a special focus on gender equity and women's rights; aligning with environmental and social safeguards and establishing mechanisms for information sharing, accountability and redress; leadership on the sustainable development agenda; the creation of mechanisms for public consultation and debate; and the adoption a truly democratic governance structure.
Topic:: Development, Economics, Gender Issues, International Cooperation, and Poverty
Political Geography:: Africa, Russia, China, Europe, India, Asia, South Africa, Brazil, and South America

69. Inequality in South Africa: A two part document on the current understanding and dimensions of inequality in health, gender and livelihoods

Author:: Nicola Deghaye, Tamlyn McKenzie, and Petronella Chirawu
Publication Date:: 07-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Recognising inequality is at the heart of the South African 'development problem', Oxfam commissioned the Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division (HEARD) to produce this report, which is divided into two parts, to enable an understanding of the dimensions of inequality in South Africa and to provide Oxfam with a set of basic measures against which it could measure its success in dealing with inequality.
Topic:: Security, Gender Issues, Health, and Food
Political Geography:: Africa and South Africa

70. Violence Against Women and Girls in Emergencies

Author:: Caroline Green
Publication Date:: 11-2013
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In every humanitarian crisis, humanitarian agencies, donors , and governments should seek to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls (VAWG ) and gender-based violence (GBV) in emergencies, by: Reducing the risk s of GBV/ VAW G for beneficiaries of humanitarian programmes; Supporting long-term efforts to tackle the causes of GBV/VAWG in recovery and transition strategies; Supporting survivors' access to safe, confidential services ; and Placing all of the above in the context of efforts to tackle the broader gendered impacts of crises , in order to meet the needs of women, men, girls and boys , and to find opportunities to promote women's rights and gender equality in the long term . As well as encouraging other actors to undertake these actions, Oxfam is committed to promoting gender equality and preventing GBV/VAWG, through the implementation of its Minimum Standards for G ender in Emergencies. In addition, and particularly in conflict and transition contexts , donors, governments, UN agencies, civil society, armed forces , and peacekeepers, should advance women's rights, and undertake special measures to ensure their protection from GBV/VAWG.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Political Violence, Civil Society, Gender Issues, Government, Health, and War

71. Gender Issues in Conflict and Humanitarian Action

Publication Date:: 11-2013
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Humanitarian crises can affect women, men, girls and boys in radically different ways; changing social and cultural structures, and redefining women's and men's statuses – in both positive and negative ways. If humanitarian interventions are not planned with gender dynamics in mind, the needs of those most under threat may not be adequately met, and an opportunity to support positive change will be lost. That is why gender equality is central to humanitarian action.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Political Violence, Crime, Gender Issues, and Humanitarian Aid

72. When Women Farm India's Land: How to increase ownership?

Author:: Lucy Dubochet
Publication Date:: 10-2013
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Women have long played a crucial role in India's agricultural production, and the trend that sees men shifting to non-farm activities further increases their responsibility. The situation of women cultivators is one of tremendous vulnerability: without land titles, they are not recognised as farmers, and thus are not able to access credits and government benefits. This policy brief outlines avenues to address the gap between the reality for many rural women and their entitlements.
Topic:: Agriculture, Development, Gender Issues, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: South Asia and India

73. Care in households and communities: Background paper on conceptual issues

Author:: Valeria Esquivel
Publication Date:: 10-2013
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Care is a crucial dimension of well-being. People need care throughout their lives in order to survive. Care has long been considered to be the 'natural' responsibility of women, as a result of which the costs of providing care fall disproportionately on women. These costs include forgone opportunities in education, employment and earnings, political participation, and leisure time.
Topic:: Development, Gender Issues, Human Rights, Human Welfare, Humanitarian Aid, Poverty, and Social Stratification

74. A Mushrooming business: How Oxfam is facilitating development of the horticulture sector while improving the status of women in Rwanda

Author:: Sharad Eldon Mahajan and Laura Kigali
Publication Date:: 09-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: What change(s) was this approach intending to influence through its leverage strategy? Oxfam's livelihoods work in Rwanda focuses on women's economic leadership in the horticulture sector. In making women an integral part of the supply chain, we hope to bring about long - term societal change, both facilitating development of the horticulture sector and improving the status of women. We seek to do this by working with and through partners such as the government, private sector, micro finance institutions (MFIs), and civil society, to leverage large - scale change through evidence - based advocacy.
Topic:: Agriculture, Civil Society, Development, Gender Issues, and Labor Issues
Political Geography:: Africa

75. Better Rules for a Better Future: Regulating private sector agriculture

Author:: Maria Dolores Bernabe
Publication Date:: 11-2012
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The ASEAN Investment Report for 2011 considers 2010 as an important year for the region in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. FDIs in ASEAN for the said year reached a record high of US 75.8 million dollars, nearly double the inflows in 2009. Included in these FDIs were private sector investments in agriculture, as Southeast Asia has become one of the most favored destinations of large-scale agricultural land investments.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Gender Issues, Food, and Foreign Direct Investment
Political Geography:: Southeast Asia

76. Planting Now (2nd Edition): Revitalizing agriculture for reconstruction and development in Haiti

Author:: Tonny Joseph
Publication Date:: 10-2012
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The devastating earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12, 2010 exacerbated the country's grinding poverty and serious development problems, while at the same time worsening Haitian living conditions. The tremor killed over 250,000 people and injured 300, 000. It crippled the economy, causing losses estimated at almost 120 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Nevertheless, economic growth is expected to rise between 7 and 9 percent in 2012, largely owing to reconstruction efforts. The population in internally displaced persons camps has decreased from 1.5 million to around 390,000 (according to the June 2012 report of the International Organization for Migration), and the country's hurricane preparedness capacity has increased.
Topic:: Agriculture, Development, Gender Issues, Government, Food, and Fragile/Failed State
Political Geography:: Caribbean and Haiti

77. What Works for Women: Proven approaches for empowering women smallholders and achieving food security

Publication Date:: 03-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: What changes do we need to empower women smallholders and achieve food security? This question has been asked repeatedly over the past several decades, but transformative changes in both public policy and practice have been few and far between. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), closing the „gender gap‟ in agriculture –or increasing women‟s contribution to food production and enterprise by providing equal access to resources and opportunities –could reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17 per cent, or by 100 to 150 million people.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Gender Issues, Food, and Famine
Political Geography:: United Nations

78. Gender equality: it's your business

Author:: Lauren McCarthy, Liz Kirk, and Dr Kate Grosser
Publication Date:: 03-2012
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This Briefing for Business is intended for senior managers in global and national companies, especially those retailing and producing food and fast-moving consumer goods, and which source goods or labour in developing countries. Although many companies already do much to protect human rights in their operations and value chains, there is more that they can and must do.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Human Rights, International Trade and Finance, and Markets

79. Still Waiting For Change: Making the political transition work for women in Yemen

Publication Date:: 09-2012
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Women played a key role in Yemen's 2011 popular uprising, but almost a year on they are still waiting for change. Four out of five women consulted by Oxfam in a series of focus group discussions say that their lives have worsened over the last 12 months. Although a transition towards democracy is under way, women's hopes for a better life are wearing thin. A quarter of women between the ages of 15 and 49 are acutely malnourished. Deepening humanitarian crisis and conflict are limiting women's role in shaping Yemen's future. Women have told Oxfam that they need better access to food, jobs, and physical safety. The Government of Yemen and the international community should adequately support the humanitarian response and help ensure women can play their part in building a peaceful and just society.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Government, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Middle East, Yemen, and Arabia

80. Case Study: Women's Rights in Egypt

Author:: Marleen Nolten
Publication Date:: 07-2012
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The 25th of January 2011 uprising in Egypt called for freedom, dignity and social justice. The uprising was full of opportunities and challenges for Egyptian men and women who have been deprived of their political, social and economic rights. Hence, the revolution has given women a sense of freedom and empowerment, and seemed like a perfect opportunity to claim their rights. However, while many groups, including women, overcame their fear to speak out against violations of their basic rights, the changed power relations threatened to ignore women's rights or even reverse gains that were won in the past. Oxfam partners in Egypt have increased their efforts during the last year to collectively formulate priority demands on women's rights and bring these demands to the forefront.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Human Rights, Islam, and Regime Change
Political Geography:: Middle East, Arabia, and Egypt

81. Putting Women's Rights into the Arms Trade Treaty

Author:: Chitra Nagarajan and Caroline Green
Publication Date:: 07-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: According to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination of Women, “Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution, trafficking in women and sexual assault of women, which require specific protective and punitive measures”.
Topic:: Arms Control and Proliferation, Gender Issues, Human Rights, and Treaties and Agreements

82. Ethiopia's Sesame Sector: The contribution of different farming models to poverty alleviation, climate resilience and women's empowerment

Author:: Genia Kostka and Jenny Scharrer
Publication Date:: 07-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The key findings of this report are that sesame is a suitable crop for poverty alleviation for smallholders in Benishangul Gumuz and that the smallholder model is competitive versus the large-scale investor model in terms of productivity. Farmers can achieve high profits without significant up-front investments. With minimal expenditure for sesame seeds and some simple equipment for ploughing, weeding and harvesting, farmers can cultivate sesame on a family labor basis. Potential income is higher in the smallholder model than from either communal land management, or from the salaries from large-scale investors (see Figure 1) However, this potential is mirrored by the highest risk for farmers to receive the lowest income. Smallholders can mitigate this risk as well as increase their income further through membership of primary production co-operatives that offer higher sales prices and paid-out dividends.
Topic:: Agriculture, Gender Issues, Poverty, and Food
Political Geography:: Ethiopia

83. Gender and the Green Climate Fund

Publication Date:: 07-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Women are on the front line of coping with and adapting to the effects of climate change. Both climate change impacts and mitigation and adaptation responses affect women and men differently. Yet current climate finance institutions almost entirely ignore gender issues. The Green Climate Fund cannot afford to make the same mistake. Many agree the new fund must be innovative, building on the lessons of climate finance and of other funds to date. To be an effective and legitimate tool in the fight against climate change, the Green Climate Fund must have the concerns of women at its heart.
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, and Gender Issues

84. Climate Change and Women Farmers in Burkina Faso: Impact and adaptation policies and practices

Author:: Ana Mª Romero González, Adama Belemvire, and Saya Saulière
Publication Date:: 07-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Burkina Faso's geographical situation makes it particularly vulnerable to climate change. As a country in the Sahel in the heart of western Africa, Burkina Faso suffers an extreme, variable climate: the same area can be affected by both flooding and drought within only a few months. The economy of this largely rural country is essentially based on agriculture and stockbreeding. According to various predictions, climate change will have an impact on agricultural production and food security, and will therefore affect inhabitants of rural areas, especially those who are most vulnerable, such as women.
Topic:: Agriculture, Climate Change, Development, and Gender Issues
Political Geography:: Africa

85. A Place at the Table: Safeguarding women's rights in Afghanistan

Author:: Nemat, Orzala Ashraf and Louise Hancock
Publication Date:: 10-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Ten years on from the start of the western intervention in Afghanistan, Afghan women are facing an uncertain future. Women have strived for, and made important gains, since the fall of the Taliban in 2001, including in political participation and access to education, but these gains are fragile and reversible.
Topic:: Gender Issues and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Taliban

86. Governing Climate Funds: What will work for women?

Author:: Sonia Lowman and Elizabeth Arend
Publication Date:: 09-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: As the international community mobilizes in response to global climatic changes, climate funds must ensure the equitable and effective allocation of funds for the world's most vulnerable populations. Women and girls, disproportionately vulnerable to negative climate change impacts in developing countries, have largely been excluded from climate change finance policies and programmes. This report examines four funds -climate funds and non-climate funds, to draw out the lessons for gender integration in global finance mechanisms. Women and girls must not only be included in adaptive and mitigative activities, but also recognized as agents of change who are essential to the success of climate change interventions.
Topic:: Climate Change, Development, Gender Issues, and Health

87. Investir dans l'agriculture au Burundi: Indispensable pour combattre l'insécurité alimentaire et améliorer les conditions de vie des femmes paysannes

Author:: Paula San Pedro
Publication Date:: 11-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: L'agriculture est vitale pour le Burundi. C' est le pilier de l'économie qui emploie 90 % de la population, fournit 95% de l'offre alim entaire, contribue à presque 35% du produit intérieur brut (PIB) et représente 90% des re cettes d'exportation grâce à la vente de café et de thé. 1 Néanmoins, le développement de ce secteur est fortement volatil car il dépend de conditions météorologiques très variabl es, de prix internationaux fluctuants et d'une stabilité politique très fragile.
Topic:: Agriculture, Gender Issues, Political Economy, and Food
Political Geography:: Africa

88. Walking the Talk: Cash transfers and gender dynamics

Author:: Carol Brady
Publication Date:: 05-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Concern Worldwide (Concern) and Oxfam GB (Oxfam) jointly commissioned this report to look at the impacts of cash transfers (CTs) on gender dynamics both within households and communities. This report was commissioned because of the agencies' concerns that while CTs, now being used in many different emergency contexts, are expected to benefit women and contribute towards their empowerment, there was little evidence being collected to see whether this was in fact happening. The learning from this report will inform future gender sensitive CT programmes.
Topic:: Security, Economics, Gender Issues, and Food
Political Geography:: Kenya, Indonesia, and Zimbabwe

89. Exploring BME Maternal Poverty: The financial lives of ethnic minority mothers in Tyne and Wear

Author:: Chris Warburton Brown
Publication Date:: 01-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This report has grown out of Oxfam's commitment to tackling the poverty of black and minority ethnic (BME) women in the UK. It aims to improve our understanding of BME mothers' experiences of poverty, to address the way in which the poverty of BME mothers is hidden from conventional data collection, to raise awareness amongst policy-makers and practitioners of the material circumstances of low-income BME mothers, and to improve the ways in which poor BME women are supported to secure greater assets and resources.
Topic:: Economics, Gender Issues, and Poverty
Political Geography:: United Kingdom and Europe

90. The Effects of Socialization on Gender Discrimination and Violence: A Case Study from Lebanon

Author:: Dr. Christine Sylva Hamieh and Dr. Jinan Usta
Publication Date:: 03-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Violence Against Women (VAW) is a major public-health and social problem which jeopardises women's development and abuses many of their basic human rights. Recent interventions to combat the problem have focused on including men – not as holders or perpetuators of privileges, but rather as potential and actual contributors to gender equality. These initiatives to include men in programmes to end VAW have achieved some success so far. Several studies in the Arab world have highlighted the importance of addressing VAW. However, of all gender-related issues it still receives the least recognition and acknowledgement from Arab states and policy makers. Instead, the struggle continues to be led by women's organisations fighting to remove all forms of discrimination against women.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Human Rights, and Sociology
Political Geography:: Middle East, Arabia, and Lebanon

91. Girls' Education in Afghanistan

Publication Date:: 02-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Female education has faced significant obstacles in Afghanistan, yet there have been enormous gains since 2001. Under the Taliban, the majority of girls‟ schools were closed and gross enrollment fell from 32% to just 6.4%.In the early years after the fall of the Taliban, education was a top priority for the Afghan government and donors. Much of this donor focus was on getting children back into school, with a particular emphasis on primary level. The Back to School campaign, launched in 2002, significantly ex-panded enrollment, which has increased nearly seven-fold, from approxi-mately 900,000 in 2000 to 6.7 million in 2009.For girls, the increase has been even more dramatic: official enrollment figures have increased from an estimated 5,000 under the Taliban to 2.4 million girls currently enrolled.
Topic:: Education, Gender Issues, and Poverty
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Taliban

92. What does civil society at country level expect from the new UN women's agency?

Publication Date:: 02-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The foundation of UN Women provides a historic opportunity to transform the lives of women and girls. To deliver results, UN Women must target the most urgent issues for women and absorb the lessons of the past. As it becomes operational, UN Women should build these priorities and new approach into its structures and systems. This report focuses on the views of 100 selected civil society organisations (CSOs) working on women's issues on the ground. It aims to outline the key priorities for UN Women and to propose how the agency should proceed to deliver tangible progress at country level.
Topic:: Civil Society, Gender Issues, Human Rights, and United Nations

93. Including Ethnic Minority Women in Policy Making

Publication Date:: 03-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Oxfam knows that ethnic minority women's organisations are proud, persistent, and passionate. Activists, members of management committees, staff, and volunteers bring a range of commitment, knowledge, and skills. They know their community and the women they work with, and the issues particular to both. This knowledge is vital to their organisations' success. And, using it, they achieve results.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Poverty, and Political Activism

94. The impact of the global financial crisis on women in Southeast Asia

Author:: Yada Praparpun
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This report analyses the impact of the current global economic crisis on women in five Southeast Asian countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. This research aims to provide up-to-date information and recommendations to policy makers in both the public and private sectors on how the economic crisis is affecting women workers in the aforementioned countries. The results of the research will be shared with civil society organizations, government agencies, regional and global institutions, academic institutions, trade unions, donor agencies, NGOs, and the media.
Topic:: Economics, Gender Issues, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Southeast Asia

95. Gender Perspectives on the Global Economic Crisis

Author:: Richard King and Caroline Sweetman
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The global economic crisis was sparked in the financial engine-houses of the world's economy in 2008. This is a story many of us in the developed world are now painfully familiar with. Less familiar, perhaps, are the ramifications for those among us who live in developing and transition countries. As global financial fire fighting has concentrated on dousing the blazes in the developed world, many commentators argue that the initial flames have been put out and that green shoots of recovery are beginning to emerge across the charred financial landscape. However, unprecedented global integration means that the world's economies now have few remaining firebreaks. Though they took longer to ignite, many developing countries are still caught up in the inferno. With an extra 50 million women, men and children expected to have been pushed into extreme poverty by the end of 2009 as a direct result of the crisis, and with this number expected to rise to 89 million by the end of 2010, the developing world is being badly burned.
Topic:: Gender Issues and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Latin America

96. Bridging the Digital Gender Divide in Africa

Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: African Heads of States and Governments gather in Addis Ababa for the 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union at a time when the continent faces a huge digital divide. African women are disproportionately affected by this divide.
Topic:: Gender Issues and Science and Technology
Political Geography:: Africa

97. Women's Poverty and Social Exclusion in the European Union at a Time of Recession: An Invisible Crisis?

Publication Date:: 03-2010
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In October 2009, Oxfam and the European Women's Lobby (EWL) commissioned research to explore and analyse the hidden impact of the current economic recession on women's poverty in EU countries. The research was conducted with EWL member organisations, and supplemented with other research and information available at the end of 2009.
Topic:: Economics, Gender Issues, Poverty, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Europe

98. Women and Children First: On the frontline of war in the Kivus

Publication Date:: 06-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2009, the government of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with international backing, launched military offensives against the FDLR (Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda) and other militias in eastern DRC, with devastating humanitarian consequences: an estimated 900,000 people displaced and over 1,400 documented civilian deaths attributed to militia and government forces. In 2010 a new offensive, Amani Leo ('peace today'), continues efforts to disarm the militias, with some additional safeguards for civilian safety linked to UN peacekeeping support for the operations. However, while some areas have become safer as a result, ongoing population displacement (over 164,000 January- April 2010) and protection cluster monitoring of human rights violations (up 246% January-February in South Kivu after the launch of Amani Leo) are indications of continuing fallout for civilians. A survey conducted by Oxfam and partners in North and South Kivu in April 2010 enquired into the experiences of people in areas affected by the military operations. It found that, for 60% of respondents this year, things are worse than in 2009.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Gender Issues, Genocide, and War
Political Geography:: Asia and Democratic Republic of the Congo

99. How reform of the Fast Track Initiative should lead to a Global Fund for Education

Author:: Katie Malouf Bous
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Remarkable progress has been made in the last ten years toward achieving the education-related Millennium Development Goals. Many more girls are in school and enrolment rates are on the rise, due to higher-quality aid and to political commitment in developing countries. However, these achievements could be derailed by the global economic crisis, newly falling aid levels, and educational challenges. With 72 million children still out of school, the world's poorest countries urgently need a global financing initiative that can deliver the resources to scale up to Education For All.
Topic:: Development, Education, and Gender Issues
Political Geography:: Africa

100. Women and Men in Yemen: Statistical Portrait 2007

Author:: Abd Al-Karim Ismael Al-Arhabi
Publication Date:: 08-2010
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The Central Statistics Organization is glad to present its third Women and Men Report to those who are interested in gender statistics, as a continuation in the organization's endeavor to meet the need of all the different user categories.
Topic:: Economics and Gender Issues
Political Geography:: Yemen

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS