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54562. Portugese Ministers, 1851-1999: Social Background and Paths to Power
- Author:
- Pedro Tavares de Almeida and António Costa Pinto
- Publication Date:
- 05-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of regime changes in the composition and patterns of recruitment of the Portuguese ministerial elite throughout the last 150 years. The 'out-of-type', violent nature of most regime transformations accounts for the purges in and the extensive replacements of the political personnel, namely of the uppermost officeholders. In the case of Cabinet members, such discontinuities did not imply, however, radical changes in their social profile. Although there were some significant variations, a series of salient characteristics have persisted over time. The typical Portuguese minister is a male in his midforties, of middle-class origin and predominantly urban-born, highly educated and with a state servant background. The two main occupational contingents have been university professors - except for the First Republic (1910-26) - and the military, the latter having only recently been eclipsed with the consolidation of contemporary democracy. As regards career pathways, the most striking feature is the secular trend for the declining role of parliamentary experience, which the democratic regime did not clearly reverse. In this period, a technocratic background rather than political experience has been indeed the privileged credential for a significant proportion of ministers.
- Topic:
- Government and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
54563. Ministerial Elites in Greece, 1843-2001: A Synthesis of Old Sources and New Data
- Author:
- Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos and Dimitris Bourikos
- Publication Date:
- 05-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- The study of Greek political elites used to be concentrated on parliamentary deputies. Ministerial elites were rarely studied. In this paper, we take a long-term view of the Greek ministerial elites, studying their socio-political profile from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. We find that this profile does not change so much with regime change, but instead follows political developments at certain time points within specific regime periods. At these points, new political leaders were ushered into power. Examples were Eleftherios Venizelos in 1911 and Andreas Papandreou in 1981. Changes in personnel were not accompanied by changes in geographical origin or professional outlook, which took much longer to effect. In the nineteenth century mainly landowners and state officials dominated cabinets. After the beginning of the twentieth century, however, liberal professions, particularly lawyers, were overrepresented among ministers. This pattern continued throughout the twentieth century. Both the predominance of lawyers and the changes in the profile of ministers over time are attributed to the type of state built in modern Greece, a clientelist, overcentralized and legalistic state which only recently has started its transformation, requiring a different, more modern type of politician.
- Topic:
- Government, Nationalism, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Greece
54564. Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment: A Critical Assessment of the Cross-Country Evidence
- Author:
- Dean Baker, John Schmitt, and Andrew Glyn
- Publication Date:
- 05-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- In the last twenty five years, there has been a sharp divergence in trends in the unemployment rate among OECD countries, with some seeing much larger increases in unemployment than others. This divergence is usually explained by institutions that lead to labor market inflexibility – generous unemployment benefits, employment protections, and strong unions – in countries with high unemployment rates. This paper examines the evidence for this view. It shows that there is no simple bivariate relationship between standard measures of labor market institutions and unemployment rates across countries. It then critically examines several of the most often cited studies that support the labor market inflexibility view. It finds that these studies present relatively weak and to some extent contradictory support for the labor market inflexibility view. Finally, the paper presents the results of a set of tests designed to replicate some of the earlier multivariate analyses with more current data. These tests consistently fail to find robust evidence to support the labor market inflexibility view.
- Topic:
- Economics and International Organization
- Political Geography:
- Europe
54565. The Carter Center News, Spring 2003
- Publication Date:
- 03-2003
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- Leaders from the Western Hemisphere called on their governments at the conclusion of a Carter Center conference to implement partial public funding of campaigns and fully disclose election donations and expenditures to help restore confidence in government.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution, Conflict Prevention, Development, and Peace Studies
- Political Geography:
- Africa, Europe, and South America
54566. The Carter Center News, January-June 2003
- Publication Date:
- 01-2003
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- People everywhere share the same dream of a caring international community that prevents war and oppression,” said President Carter after the Nobel Peace Prize was announced last October.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution, Conflict Prevention, Development, and Peace Studies
54567. The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses
- Publication Date:
- 06-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- In late March 2003, terrorists thought to be members of Pakistan-supported Islamic groups killed 24 Hindu villagers in Kashmir. This incident evoked memories of the suicide attack by Muslim terrorists on the Indian Parliament in New Delhi in December 2001. Events like these raise the potential threat of war between India and Pakistan. South Asia is thought by many observers to be the most dangerous place in the world, with both antagonists armed with nuclear weapons.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution, Security, and Terrorism
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan and Asia
54568. Evolution of U.S. Policy on Small Arms
- Author:
- Victoria Garcia
- Publication Date:
- 11-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Center for Defense Information
- Abstract:
- The following is a compilation of speeches, official documents, and policy notes by U.S. government officials on small arms from 1995-2003. This summary is intended to be a survey of the evolution of U.S. governmental policy, in order to give a broad history, as well as insight, into the U.S. position on the small arms issue in future international fora.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, and Arms Control and Proliferation
- Political Geography:
- United States
54569. Air Force Space Command Strategic Master Plan FY06 and Beyond
- Author:
- Lance W. Lord
- Publication Date:
- 10-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Center for Defense Information
- Abstract:
- Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) develops the Strategic Master Plan (SMP) as the capstone document of the command's Integrated Planning Process (IPP). The SMP presents the AFSPC Vision, outlines a strategy to implement that Vision, and defines a 25-year plan. That plan is integrated across the AFSPC mission areas to provide the space capabilities required to achieve the Vision.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Economics, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States
54570. The Truth About Missile Defense: Will Science Make A Difference?
- Author:
- Philip E. Coyle
- Publication Date:
- 10-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Center for Defense Information
- Abstract:
- In political Washington, one can get the impression that everything is “spin”, that there are no real truths. In the news media different views are aired and debated, but one view is said to be no better than another, and certainly political views cannot be proven the way we learn mathematical proofs in school.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Arms Control and Proliferation, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States