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18852. Report of The Commission on Radio and Television Policy:Volume 4, Number 1
- Publication Date:
- 11-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- The meeting in Alma Ata of the Commission on Radio and Television Policy marked a new and important stage in the collaboration between the United States and the former Soviet Union. I was proud to serve as co-chairman, together with Eduard Sagalaev. The Commission now has been enlarged to include the major television stations of newly independent republics of the former Soviet Union and the head of an organization of independent stations. It is a unique body.
- Topic:
- Ethnic Conflict and International Cooperation
- Political Geography:
- Russia, United States, Europe, and Asia
18853. The International Observation of the U.S. Elections
- Publication Date:
- 11-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- Robert Pastor, Director of the Latin American and Caribbean Program at The Carter Center and Executive Secretary of the Council, opened the conference with a reference to Mexican Nobel Laureate Octavio Paz who once said, "A nation without free elections is a nation without a voice, without eyes, and without ears." Pastor noted that the right to free and fair elections is a universal right enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States. In the spirit of honoring that right, the Council was formed in 1986 to lend support and assistance to the democratization movement in the Americas.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Government, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- United States, United Nations, and Latin America
18854. The Carter Administration and Latin America: A Test of Principle
- Author:
- Robert Pastor
- Publication Date:
- 07-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- Within a single year, two events unprecedented in the history of the United States shook the nation's confidence in itself as the moral leader of the Free World. In August 1974, the president resigned under a pall of scandal, and eight months later, the United States suffered the humiliation of military defeat as it watched the U.S. ambassador to Vietnam fold the American flag under his arm and flee his post by helicopter.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Foreign Policy, and Human Rights
- Political Geography:
- United States, Vietnam, South America, Latin America, Central America, Caribbean, and North America
18855. Investigating Abuses and Introducing Safeguards in the Democratization Process
- Author:
- The Conference Center
- Publication Date:
- 07-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- In the two years that have elapsed since The Carter Center hosted "Investigating Abuses and Introducing Human Rights Safeguards in the Democratization Process," the issues we discussed then have become even more pivotal as our views of governance and the rights of individuals and of state sovereignty itself are being fundamentally transformed. It was our view that, although the Center did not previously publish the seminar proceedings, making them available at this time would serve to further inform those who are working in this field by providing insightful observations by many human rights activists, journalists, and academicians who were involved directly in political transitions in their own countries and by others who studied these events from the outside.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Government, Human Rights, and International Cooperation
18856. The International Negotiation Network: A New Method of Approaching Some Very Old Problems
- Author:
- Dayle E. Spencer and William J. Spencer
- Publication Date:
- 11-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- For several years The Carter Center of Emory University's (CCEU) Conflict Resolution Program has been engaged in developing an International Negotiation Network (INN) to alleviate the tremendous suffering resulting from intranational conflicts. Our efforts have led to the convening of direct negotiation between warring parties engaged in prolonged conflicts. We have been involved in activities advancing free elections and elections monitoring where such efforts have helped to facilitate the peaceful transfer of power in previously conflict-burdened countries. We have been involved in quiet, back-channel linkages of disputing parties and resources available to them. Some of our efforts have received widespread media coverage. However, the vast majority of our work has not been widely known.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution and Peace Studies
- Political Geography:
- Africa
18857. Resolving Intra-National Conflicts: A Strengthened Role for Non-Governmental Actors
- Publication Date:
- 01-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- This report is a summary of the inaugural consultation of the International Negotiation Network (INN), held at The Carter Center of Emory University CCEU), in Atlanta, Georgia, January 14-17, 1992. The consultation brought together over 200 invited guests from 40 countries and more than 150 organizations or governments. It was made possible through the generous support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and shaped in part by that foundation's president, David Hamburg, who has served as one of the INN's advisors.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution, Human Rights, and Sovereignty
- Political Geography:
- Africa, New York, Europe, Asia, and Georgia
18858. Why Do Some Legislators Go To Court? - Congress and the Lawsuit against President Reagan for Noncompliance with the War Powers Resolution
- Author:
- Jesus Velasco
- Publication Date:
- 01-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
- Abstract:
- During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the U.S. Congress became very concerned about the increasing role played by the President in foreign affairs. On November 7, 1973, and as a mechanism to diminish the power achieved by the Chief Executive in international matters, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (WPR) over Richard Nixon's veto. The basic aim of the law was to prevent the President from unilaterally introducing the armed forces abroad without congressional authorization. In so doing, Congress sought "to fulfill the intent of the framers of the American Constitution."
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution, International Relations, and Government
- Political Geography:
- United States
18859. Ethnic Issues in Post-Communist Czechoslovakia
- Author:
- Sharon Wolchik
- Publication Date:
- 01-1992
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- This paper examines the increase in the political salience of ethnicity in the postcommunist period in Czechoslovakia. as in several other postcommunist states, ethnic issues dominated the political agenda in the first two years after the collapse of the communist system and led to the negotiated breakup of the federation. Differences regarding reform led to a series of political crises in 1990 and 1992. Symbolic issues also contributed to the conflict. Political leaders played an important role in increasing the political salience of ethnicity during this period. Their ability to channel the dissatisfaction and uncertainty that accompanied the economic and political changes underway to mobilize support for ethnic aims reflect the fact that Czechs and Slovaks differ in their attitudes toward many important economic and political issues. These differences, in turn, reflect the influence of each people's history, levels of economic development, the legacy of the communist period, and the distinct ways in which the transition to the market affects each region.
- Topic:
- Politics, Economy, Ethnicity, Post-Soviet Space, and Post-Communism
- Political Geography:
- Eastern Europe and Czechoslovakia
18860. Report of The Commission on Television Policy:Volume 3, Number 1
- Publication Date:
- 11-1991
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- The first meeting of the Commission on Television Policy culminated a project that began with basic research on the impact of television on the electoral process in many countries. From this research, a Working Group developed a document presenting a wide range of options and trade-offs in broadcast practice and rules worldwide. With this reference document, Commissioners from the United States and the independent states from the territory of the former Soviet Union began their discussions at The Carter Center on November 15 and 16, 1991.
- Topic:
- Ethnic Conflict and International Cooperation
- Political Geography:
- Russia, United States, Europe, and Asia
18861. Frustrations of Regional Peacekeeping: The OAU in Chad, 1977-1982
- Author:
- Sam G. Amoo
- Publication Date:
- 02-1991
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- The conflict in Chad is a microcosm of the widespread instability in Africa. Since its independence in 1960, peace, security, and stability have eluded Chad just as they have been scarce in most of Africa. Since 1960, 18 full-fledged civil wars have been fought in Africa. Eleven genocides and politicides occurred in Africa between 1960 and the late 1980s, compared with 24 elsewhere in the world. During the decade of the 1980s alone, it is estimated that conflict and violence claimed over 3 million lives. At the beginning of 1990, 43 percent of the global population of refugees were African, most of them fleeing from political violence. The mediation and resolution of conflicts should indeed be the primary preoccupation of the continent's leadership.
- Topic:
- Security, Development, Peace Studies, and Population
- Political Geography:
- Africa
18862. Toward Defensive Restructuring in the Middle East
- Author:
- Carl Conetta, Charles Knight, and Lutz Unterseher
- Publication Date:
- 02-1991
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Project on Defense Alternatives
- Abstract:
- Examines the character of force structure and military conflict in the Middle East and outlines a nonoffensive defense posture for nations in the region. It also draws the implications of such a posture for arms transfers and arms control policy. An appendix reviews the pertinent lessons of the 1990-91 Gulf War.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Arms Control and Proliferation, Military Affairs, Conflict, and Gulf War
- Political Geography:
- Middle East and United States of America
18863. Realism and Regionalism: American Power and German and Japanese Institutional Strategies During and After the Cold War
- Author:
- Joseph M. Grieco
- Publication Date:
- 04-1990
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Institute of European Studies (IES), UC Berkeley
- Abstract:
- Germany's foreign economic policy places enormous weight on formal European institutions. In contrast, Japan has not had an institutionalist orientation in regard to its East Asian neighbors. This paper addresses the question of why Germany and Japan differ so greatly on this issue of regional economi. institutions. It suggests that the differences observed in German and Japanese interests in regard to such arrangements constitute a puzzle if they are examined from the perspective of liberal ideas about the functional bases of international collaboration, or from the viewpoint of realist propositions about hegemony and cooperation and about the impact of polarity on state preferences. The paper also puts forward a realist-inspired analysis (focusing on American power in the post-Cold War era as well as American national strategy in the early years of that conflict) that might help account for the strong German bias in favor of regional economic institutions and the equally pronounced Japanese aversion to date for such arrangements.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Cold War, and International Organization
- Political Geography:
- United States, Japan, America, Europe, Israel, East Asia, Asia, and Germany
18864. Observing Nicaragua's Elections, 1989-1990
- Publication Date:
- 05-1990
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- During the entire electoral process, the political system in Nicaragua gradually opened so that by election day, the major political parties acknowledged that they had an adequate opportunity to explain their positions to the Nicaraguan people. The Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government shared the conclusion of the parties: the Nicaraguan people were free to vote their preferences in a fair election, and the official results reflected the collective will of the nation.
- Topic:
- Security, Democratization, Government, Peace Studies, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Latin America and Central America
18865. Democratic Transitions: Puzzles & Surprises from West to East
- Author:
- Giuseppe di Palma
- Publication Date:
- 01-1990
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- Recent communist crises in Eastern Europe seem to have caught many analysts by surprise. They also show features that set them apart from contemporary crises of right-wing dictatorships. The paper analyzes the reasons for the surprise in the light of theories of communism and of civil society under communism developed since the death of Stalin. It also examines and tries to account for the special features of the crises: their sudden acceleration •. the regimes' loss of a will to rule, the mobilization of large popular strata. Explanations focus on the goal-oriented nature of communist regimes as an alternative to the Western order. It makes the issue of self-identity and self justification crucial to these regimes-more crucial than for right-wing dictatorships. Therefore, the announcement by the Soviet hegemon itself that the goal has failed removes those tenuous shreds of self-justification to which the regimes desperately cling. This also makes possible and explains mass mobilization and the revival of civil society as a cathartic exercise. The paper concludes with an analysis of the prospects for democratization in Eastern Europe in the light of recent transitions in Southern Europe and Latin America. Democracy may develop-theoretical pessimism notwithstanding--as a matter of calculus and through an accelerated process of learning.
- Topic:
- Politics, Dictatorship, Identity, Post-Communism, and Democratic Transitions
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Eastern Europe
18866. Work, Worth, & Justice in a Socialist Mixed Economy
- Author:
- David Stark
- Publication Date:
- 01-1990
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- A French translation of this essay appears as "La valeur du travail et sa retribution en Hongrie," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, no. 85, November 1990, pp. 3-19. An earlier version of this paper was presented in a seminar of the Group de Sociologie Politique et Morale, November 1986. It benefitted from conversations with Pierre Bourdieu and from lengthy discussions with Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thevenot while their book, Les economies de la grandeur (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1987), was in progress. My thanks especially to Monique Djokic Stark for her helpful criticisms and suggestions.
- Topic:
- Justice, Socialism, Work, and Mixed Economy
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Eastern Europe, and Hungary
18867. Stabilization & State Enterprise Adjustment: The Political Economy of State Firms After Five Months of Fiscal Discipline, Poland 1990
- Author:
- Janusz M. Dabrowski
- Publication Date:
- 01-1990
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- This report describes the behavior of Polish state firms after six months of fiscal stabilization. On the one hand, it is shown that state firms are attempting to adapt to fiscal constraints and the fall in domestic demand caused by the Mazowiecki government's stabilization plan. On the other hand, it tries to demonstrate that the continued confusion of both property rights and managerial authority impede the formulation and implementation of strategic adjustment plans at the firm level. The report also challenges a number of the governing stereotypes concerning managerial, union, and Employee Council behavior during the process of firm adjustment. In the final section, a proposal for the partial, indirect give-away of state assets is sketched. It is argued that the commercialization of state enterprises, and their partial assignment to publicly held investment associations presents the possibility of both clarifying managerial authority and more clearly introducing external market pressures into the strategic calculation of firms.
- Topic:
- Political Economy, Investment, Fiscal Policy, and Stabilization
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Eastern Europe, and Poland
18868. Perestroika without Glasnost in Africa
- Publication Date:
- 02-1989
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- The aim of the inaugural seminar of the Governance in Africa Program (G.A.P.) was to bring together a diverse group of scholars to reflect on some of the central issues which confront the continent. The program takes its acronym from the increasing gap between the democratic and developmental aspirations expressed during the anti-colonial struggle and the monopolization of power and the deepening economic predicament today.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Government, and International Cooperation
- Political Geography:
- Africa
18869. The Constitution of Critical Intellectuals: Polish Physicians, Peace Activists, & Democratic Civil Society
- Author:
- Michael D Kennedy
- Publication Date:
- 01-1989
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- The post-communist system in Eastern Europe will be distinguished by the quality of its civil society. The market will cast civil society's construction in one mold, but a democratic civil society will depend on the constitution of critical intellectuals, or the making of individuals with the inclination and capacity to understand their personal situation to reflect a public condition, and to understand the public condition as constituted through potentially transformed power relations. In order to illuminate this general process, this paper rethinks the distinction of intellectuals and considers two important cases of the making of critical intellectuals in pre-transition Poland. Physicians in 1980-81 and peace activists in 1985-88 illustrate how instabilities create opportunities for new groups of people to become critical intellectuals and how critical intellectual work can create new possibilities for social transformation. By illuminating these processes, this paper hopes to contribute to the expansion of critical intellectuality in and about Eastern Europe.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Activism, Post-Communism, Democratic Transitions, and Intellectuals
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Eastern Europe
18870. Common Sense on Competitiveness
- Author:
- Jimmy Carter
- Publication Date:
- 04-1988
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- The United States faces a competitiveness crisis. The indicators are abundant. An alarming number of American students and workers do not seem to have the skills needed to succeed in the more demanding jobs of the modern economy. Many American inventions never make it from drawing board to marketplace, or arrive too late - long after aggressive foreign firms have captured customer loyalty. Some American products have been improperly designed or priced too high to compete with top-quality foreign imports. Partly as a result, not enough American companies have penetrated foreign markets with U.S. goods and services.
- Topic:
- Economics, Government, and Industrial Policy
- Political Geography:
- United States
18871. Myth, Reality, and the Future in Southern Africa: Challenges for a New Administration
- Author:
- The Carter Center
- Publication Date:
- 03-1988
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Carter Center
- Abstract:
- When one examines all the foreign policy issues likely to face the next U.S. administration, southern Africa, while inherently difficult, may be the most promising of all in terms of actually influencing positive developments and obtaining measurable results in a short time span. Current policies have begun to capitalize on a tentative movement among nations in the region to address certain situations which are prohibiting stabilization. However, with the existence of an international consensus concerning the illegality of the occupation of Namibia and the dehumanization of the policy of apartheid more could be done to advance a multilateral approach toward southern Africa. In short, a real opportunity to bring peace to a troubled region is being missed. Part of the problem is lack of accurate information and understanding of what is happening in the region. Advocacy and passion have often clouded or distorted reality.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy
- Political Geography:
- Africa and United States
18872. The Sometimes You Win and Sometimes You Lose Hypothesis: Some Comments on the Use of Models in Force Comparisons
- Author:
- Charles Knight
- Publication Date:
- 03-1988
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Project on Defense Alternatives
- Abstract:
- In this previously unpublished paper from 1988, the author reviews various models for simulating war along the Central Front in Germany and their relevance for finding a stable conventional force balance in Europe (and elsewhere.) Force structures that tend to produce stable outcomes in battlefield simulations are likely to have more deterrent value in the real world.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, War, and Military Affairs
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Germany