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18422. Protecting the Homeland: Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Defensive Information Operations 2000 Summer Study Volume I
- Publication Date:
- 02-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Abstract:
- The task forces see a spectrum of threats to the homeland emerging. The 2000 summer study begins a series of studies byt he Defense Science Board aimed at assisting the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community in defining their roles in protecting the nation from unconventional attacks on the United States. Other studies now planned as part of this series of studies include Defense Against Chemical Warfare Attack: Countering the Strategic Nuclear Threat in the 21st century; a follow-up study on Intelligence on Threats to the Homeland; and a second study on the issues associated with Defense Against Biological Warfare Attack. The focus of all these DSB studies is on identifying the technology and operational capability needed to protect the homeland. It is not on the assignment of roles and missions for employing said capabilities. Significant recommendations are made in these reports including suggestions for implementation.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Development, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States
18423. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Improving Fuel Efficiency of Weapons Platforms
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Abstract:
- The Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition, Technology and Logistics), recognizing the crucial importance of weapons platform fuel usage to U.S. military capability, requested that the Defense Science Board form a task force on Improving Fuel Efficiency of Weapons Platforms. Asked to consider existing or emerging technologies that could significantly improve platform efficiency, the task force also examined institutional barriers that exist and must be overcome to understand and capture the full advantages of more efficient military systems.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Environment, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States
18424. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Training Superiority Training Surprise
- Author:
- Ralph Chatham and Joe Braddock
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Abstract:
- In late 1998 the Undersecretary of Defense (Personnel Readiness), the Director, Defense Research and Engineering, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff requested the Defense Science Board to create a task force on training and education. Drs. Joe Braddock and Ralph Chatham were appointed co-chairmen. The task force met periodically throughout 1999 and early 2000. This document is the report of our deliberations.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Development, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States
18425. The Third Yugoslavia, 1992 - 2001
- Author:
- Sabrina P. Ramet
- Publication Date:
- 06-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- The Milosevic regime was a classic example of what has been called a “democradura,” i.e., a system which combined some of the mechanisms of democracy (with the result that Milosevic's Socialists were, at one point, forced to enter into a coalition with Seselj's Radicals, in order to form a government) with many overtly authoritarian features (among which one might mention the constriction of press freedom, the use of the police against the political opposition, and systematic violations of human rights). It was also a regime which drew its energy from the manipulation of Serbian nationalism, even if, as has been argued, Milosevic himself was not an ideological nationalist. To the extent that xenophobia lay at the heart of Serbian nationalism, the regime found itself relying on an ideology which consisted of an explicit repudiation of such values as tolerance, equality of peoples, respect for the harm principle, and individual rights.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Democratization, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Yugoslavia
18426. The Poles and Their Past: Society, Historiography and the Legislation Process
- Author:
- Andrzej Paczkowski
- Publication Date:
- 05-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- The Polish nation had experienced both Nazism and communism. These were not equal experiences, and social memory about them differs to a considerable degree. In order to perform such an operation, it would be necessary to halt history in June 1941. Since it is impossible to stop history in order to examine the period from mid-September 1939 to June 1941, it is helpful to study Polish recollections of their experiences so as to understand their continued impact on national history and memory.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Human Welfare, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
18427. Violence Against Women in Post-communist Societies: Benefits and Changes
- Author:
- Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic
- Publication Date:
- 05-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- Social changes, which recently occurred in post-communist countries, brought new opportunities for positive developments and offered the possibility of choice. In most countries, the social transition brought an opening of borders, enabling an influx of positive as well as negative influences. However, even the general positive impact of social changes is typically followed by more negative consequences in the everyday life of the people. The most dramatic consequences of social transition, manifested in a significant rise of unemployment and the loss of many social benefits. These developments are directly related to the replacement of planned, centralized economies by the market and the privatization of state property. Most people lost their previous social security benefits and, despite the fact that the general character of communism was “equality in poverty,” the social transition was a source of serious stress and numerous existential problems. This was further intensified by the fact that, at the same time, the growing import of both material goods and the American way of thinking, i.e. consumerism spirit of the West, urged people to achieve their “American dreams” at any cost.
- Topic:
- Conflict Prevention, Civil Society, Human Welfare, and Privatization
- Political Geography:
- America and Europe
18428. Decentralization and Regionalization after Communism: Lessons from Administrative and Territorial Reform in Poland and the Czech Republic
- Author:
- Jennifer Yoder
- Publication Date:
- 04-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- While the regional level of authority has gained much attention in recent years in Western Europe, Eastern Europe is still emerging from decades of centralization and homogenization under communism. Several post-communist countries, however, have taken steps toward administrative decentralization and territorial regionalization. This article explores possible reasons for taking these steps and traces the progress of administrative and territorial reform in two post-communist cases: Poland and the Czech Republic. The conclusion considers several implications of these reforms for domestic politics and foreign relations.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Government, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
18429. The Limits of Conditionality: Nuclear Reactor Safety in Central and Eastern Europe, 1991 - 2001
- Author:
- John Van Oudenaren
- Publication Date:
- 03-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- Conditionality has become an increasingly prominent feature of international politics in recent years.1 Once mainly associated with the macroeconomic stabilization programs of the IMF, since the collapse of communism it has been used by the EU, NATO, the OECD, and the Council of Europe to promote a variety of political, economic, and social objectives – everything from abolishing the death penalty to privatizing national monopolies. With increased use has come increased controversy. Critics of conditionality argue that it is often applied in ways that ride roughshod over national sovereignty, ignore local circumstances, and impose economic hardship. Others note the frequent inability of recipients of conditional aid to fulfill commitments to international donors. Even when measured by its own narrow objectives, they argue, conditionality often fails.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Security, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
18430. MAP Reading: NATO's and Russia's Pathways to European Military Integration
- Author:
- Stephen Blank
- Publication Date:
- 02-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- As part of NATO's and Europe's continuing and open-ended processes of enlargement and military-political integration, in 1999, NATO presented aspiring members with a Membership Action Plan (MAP) to guide them in their activities preparing their governments and armed forces for membership in NATO. The MAP, if fulfilled according to NATO's requirements and approbation, allegedly would make the aspiring members' military forces more nearly congruent or interoperable with NATO forces. With this document, NATO has arguably created its own version of the EU's acquis communautaire “against which the Alliance can assess the technical preparations and capacities of the nine MAP partners and judge their readiness for membership.”
- Topic:
- International Relations, Security, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
18431. Commentaries: The U.S. National Intelligence Council's Global Trends 2015: Excerpts, Commentaries, And Response
- Author:
- Ellen Laipson, Michael A. Ledeen, Michael J. White, John Gannon, Eugene J. Carroll, Richard P. Cincotta, Johanna Mendelson Forman, Michael Hanssler, Liliana Hisas, Leslie Johnston, Gavin Kitchingham, Gayl D. Ness, David Rejeski, Ervin J. Rokke, Judith Shapiro, Aleksei V. Yablokov, and Arno Weinmann
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- In January 2001, the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC), a center within the Central Intelligence Agency that provides the agency's director with mid- and long-term strategic thinking and direction, published Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue About the Future with Nongovernmental Experts. This unclassified and public report, which expanded on the NIC's previous effort Global Trends 2010, takes a look at the world over the next 15 years from the perspective of the national security policymaker.
- Topic:
- Security, Development, Environment, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States
18432. Environmental Stress and Human Security in Northern Pakistan
- Author:
- Richard A. Matthew
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- Environmental and social factors are generating high levels of conflict and insecurity in Northern Pakistan. Several factors make this case an important subject for analysis and discussion: (a) the strategic location of the region; (b) the potential for far-reaching and even global consequences should conflict spill across the borders and into countries such as Afghanistan and India; and (c) the similarities between this case and many others in the world. The article concludes with policy suggestions for both domestic and foreign parties concerned about the situation.
- Topic:
- Security, Development, Environment, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India
18433. Conflict: A Cause and Effect of Hunger
- Author:
- Marc J. Cohen, Ellen Messer, and Thomas Marchione
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- Ensuring food security—especially in Africa—depends on breaking cycles of hunger and conflict. Whether one believes that (a) environmental scarcities (including food insecurity) can cause conflict, or (b) that conflict is primarily caused by political factors, it is indisputable that access to food is always disrupted by conflict. Much has been written about the linkages between environmental scarcities, hunger, and conflict. This article (a) highlights certain gaps in the information about the steps that lead from hunger to conflict, and then (b) suggests policies and actions to break these connections.
- Topic:
- Security, Development, Environment, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- Africa
18434. Dilemmas For Conservation In The Brazilian Amazon
- Author:
- Margaret E. Keck
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- More than a decade after images of flames devouring the rainforest focused international attention on the Brazilian Amazon, the fires continue to burn. This article traces the history of conservation efforts in the Brazilian Amazon and then argues that repeated failure to understand or accommodate the political factors at work in the Amazon undermines environmentalists' efforts to protect the rainforest.
- Topic:
- Security, Development, Environment, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- Brazil
18435. Brazil's SIVAM: As It Monitors The Amazon, Will It Fulfill Its Human Security Promise?
- Author:
- Thomaz Guedes da Costa
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Wilson Center
- Abstract:
- As Brazil implements its System for Vigilance of the Amazon (SIVAM), the country's leadership continues to tout the system as a major effort towards achieving its national security objectives—especially (a) preserving the countr y's sovereignty over its territories in that tropical forest region; (b) assisting in Amazon law enforcement, particularly in deterring illegal flights associated with contraband and narco-trafficking; and (c) providing environmental information aimed at promoting sustainable development and the preservation of natural habitats in the Amazon. But while official arguments promise SIVAM will contribute to all three objectives, the lack of: (a) transparency in the program's development and implementation; and (b) greater participation by non-official organizations in how SIVAM will gather, process, and disseminate information threatens the environmental and human security value of the system.
- Topic:
- Security, Development, Environment, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- Brazil
18436. A Country-Driven Approach to the Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances in Developing Countries
- Author:
- Rasmus Rasmusson, Christo Artusio, Olga Gassan-zade, Etienne Gonin, and Joel Ngugi
- Publication Date:
- 04-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- The Montreal Protocol–the 1987 international agreement that aims to phase out the production and consumption of substances that deplete the earth's ozone layer–faces significant new challenges, particularly in the developing world. The Protocol's Multilateral Fund, which helps to finance phaseout in developing countries, has succeeded in considerably reducing the consumption of chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in the manufacturing sector. It now faces the urgent task of reducing the consumption of ODSs in a countless number of widely dispersed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). (Many other environmental conventions face a similar challenge.) In particular, there is a need to phase out CFCs used in refrigeration and methyl bromide used in agriculture. To meet these new challenges, the Montreal Protocol and the Multilateral Fund must employ a new strategy–one that puts the developing countries squarely in the driver's seat.
- Topic:
- Environment, International Cooperation, and Third World
18437. Linkage and Legalism in Institutions: Evidence From Agricultural Trade Negotiations
- Author:
- Christina Davis
- Publication Date:
- 02-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- In a comparative study of Japanese and European trade policy, this paper explains how the institutional context of negotiations affects political outcomes. I examine two pathways by which negotiation structure promotes liberalization: issue linkage and legal framing. Broadening stakes through issue linkage mobilizes domestic lobbying for liberalization. Use of GATT/WTO trade law in dispute settlement legitimizes arguments favoring liberalization. This study on international institutions addresses the theoretical debates in the field regarding how interdependence and the legalization of international affairs change the nature of state interaction.
- Topic:
- International Political Economy and International Trade and Finance
- Political Geography:
- United States, Japan, Europe, and Israel
18438. Facilitating Private - Public Partnerships for Drinking Water
- Publication Date:
- 11-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Abstract:
- The WaterLife Foundation is a New York-based charity designed to engage the corporate sector in small-scale/big impact sustainable drinking water partnerships in the developing world. WaterLife will work with local communities to install new wells, repository systems, sanitation systems, and a variety of other solutions, depending on the local need. WaterLife hosted "Facilitating Private - Public Partnerships for Drinking Water" in New York City on November 2, 2001. The meeting was sponsored by ExxonMobil and Columbia University, and the meeting logistics were organized by The Conference Board. The WaterLife Foundation hosted this innovative meeting with three goals in mind: Raise the corporate sector's awareness of the global drinking water problem Discuss the opportunities for partnerships between the corporate and non-profit sector Give the corporate sector the opportunity to design mutually beneficial partnerships with the WaterLife Foundation, in the area of sustainable drinking water initiatives. The emphasis of the November 2 meeting, and of the WaterLife Foundation, is on field work. WaterLife is not a research or policy organization, and this meeting resulted in concrete steps for ensuring corporate sector involvement in the active implementation of sustainable drinking water projects in the developing world.
- Topic:
- Energy Policy, Environment, International Cooperation, Science and Technology, and Water
- Political Geography:
- New York
18439. Asian Perspectives on the Challenges of China
- Publication Date:
- 01-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Abstract:
- The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) held its annual Pacific symposium on “Asian Perspectives on the Challenges of China” at the National Defense University in Washington on March 7 and 8, 2000. This event brought together representatives of the policy community and academe from Australia, the People's Republic of China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States. It focused on how perceptions of China influence defense and foreign policies in key nations of the Asia- Pacific region, how the likely course of developments in China might affect the future policies of countries in the region, and how such changes might impact on their security relations with the United States.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, and International Law
- Political Geography:
- United States, Japan, China, India, Korea, Singapore, and Thailand
18440. Adversary Use of NBC Weapons: A Neglected Challenge
- Author:
- John F. Reichart
- Publication Date:
- 12-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Abstract:
- Despite years of research, the community's knowledge of how an adversary might use nuclear (and radiological), biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons remains restricted in important ways. The historical data that inform this area are rather limited and largely dated. We do not have much in the way of adversary planning documents or doctrine to study, and nations acquiring NBC weapons do not usually address employment concepts. Despite these gaps, we do know that NBC weapons afford potential adversaries cost-effective force multipliers and that a number of states of concern are actively pursuing their development.
- Topic:
- Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Political Geography:
- United States