Content Type: Working Paper / Publishing Institution: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace / Political Geography: North Africa / Publication Year: within 10 Years and within 25 Years / Topic: Governance

Author:: Yezid Sayigh
Publication Date:: 06-2015
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Abstract:: Already-weak states in Libya and Yemen crumbled as struggles for control over their security sectors became central to transitional politics after the popular uprisings of 2011. Instead of being reformed and upgraded to enhance the fragile legitimacy of interim governments, the security sectors collapsed by 2014. Libya and Yemen are now caught in a vicious circle: rebuilding effective central states and cohesive national identities requires a new consensus on the purpose and governance of security sectors, but reaching this agreement depends on resolving the deep political divisions and social fractures that led to civil war in both countries.
Topic:: Security, Fragile/Failed State, Governance, Sectarian violence, and Popular Revolt
Political Geography:: Middle East and North Africa

Author:: Fatima Ramadan and Amr Adly
Publication Date:: 09-2015
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Abstract:: Authoritarianism under military auspices has been reimposed in Egypt since mid-2013. The state has outlawed protests, strikes, and sit-ins in the public sphere and has subjected public spaces and private media to tight surveillance. It also has mounted repression of the independent labor movement. When taken together, these factors suggest that the labor movement is likely to wane in the near future. Whether this will last over the long term remains uncertain.
Topic:: Human Rights, Labor Issues, Governance, Authoritarianism, and Political Activism
Political Geography:: North Africa and Egypt

Author:: Ashraf El-Sherif
Publication Date:: 01-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Abstract:: Three years after the uprising that ousted Hosni Mubarak from power, Egypt continues to grapple with an authoritarian state. Throughout the rise and fall of the Muslim Brotherhood, authoritarian forces remained the key political players. Democratic alternatives have not capitalized on cracks in the system. Prospects for the Brotherhood's political reintegration and a democratization of political Islam are bleak. As long as credible alternatives fail to gain traction, the old state will persist and Egypt's central challenges will remain unresolved.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Democratization, Political Economy, Regime Change, and Governance
Political Geography:: North Africa and Egypt

Author:: Frederic M. Wehrey
Publication Date:: 09-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Abstract:: More than three years after the fall of strongman Muammar Qaddafi, Libya is in the midst of a bitter civil war rooted in a balance of weakness between the country's political factions and armed groups. With a domestic landscape torn apart by competing claims to power and with interference from regional actors serving to entrench divides, restoring stability in Libya and building a unified security structure will be difficult if not impossible without broad-based political reconciliation.
Topic:: Security, Political Violence, and Governance
Political Geography:: Libya, Arabia, and North Africa

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