Content Type: Special Report / Publication Year: within 10 Years / Topic: International Affairs

1. AI and International Stability: Risks and Confidence-Building Measures

Author:: Michael Horowitz and Paul Scharre
Publication Date:: 01-2021
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: Militaries around the world believe that the integration of machine learning methods throughout their forces could improve their effectiveness. From algorithms to aid in recruiting and promotion, to those designed for surveillance and early warning, to those used directly on the battlefield, applications of artificial intelligence (AI) could shape the future character of warfare. These uses could also generate significant risks for international stability. These risks relate to broad facets of AI that could shape warfare, limits to machine learning methods that could increase the risks of inadvertent conflict, and specific mission areas, such as nuclear operations, where the use of AI could be dangerous. To reduce these risks and promote international stability, we explore the potential use of confidence-building measures (CBMs), constructed around the shared interests that all countries have in preventing inadvertent war. Though not a panacea, CBMs could create standards for information-sharing and notifications about AI-enabled systems that make inadvertent conflict less likely.
Topic:: Science and Technology, International Affairs, Military Affairs, Political stability, and Artificial Intelligence
Political Geography:: Global Focus

2. Dialogue with Russia: Russia Needs to Reset Relations with the West

Author:: Kalev Stoicescu, Liana Fix, Agnieszka Legucka, Tatiana Kastouéva-Jean, Artūrs Bikovs, and Keir Giles
Publication Date:: 06-2021
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: International Centre for Defence and Security - ICDS
Abstract:: Moscow’s resurgent foreign policy and the undemocratic rule of President Vladimir Putin ended the relatively friendly relations that had been possible between Russia and the West in the 1990s. In the seven years since Russia annexed Crimea and started a war of attrition against Ukraine, the security situation in the transatlantic region has continuously deteriorated. The Kremlin has demonstrated hostility towards the West, crises and security issues have continued to multiply instead of being resolved, and the risk of outright conflict has come close to Cold War peaks. There is an obvious and urgent need to lower tensions, but Moscow prefers to demonstrate its readiness to escalate. This report analyses Western-Russian relations and proposes a way forward for conducting dialogue with Russia. It offers an analysis of Russia’s relations with NATO and the EU, an overview of the bilateral relations of various Western countries with Russia, a glimpse of China’s role, and an assessment of the main interests and contentious issues in Western-Russian relations.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, NATO, International Affairs, and European Union
Political Geography:: Russia, United Kingdom, Europe, France, Poland, Germany, Latvia, and United States of America

3. So Far, Yet So Close: Japanese and Estonian Cybersecurity Policy Perspectives and Cooperation

Author:: Henry Rõigas, Tomas Jermalavicius, Jun Osawa, Kadri Kaska, Liis Rebane, Toomas Vaks, Anna-Maria Osula, and Koichiro Komiyama
Publication Date:: 05-2021
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: International Centre for Defence and Security - ICDS
Abstract:: Estonia and Japan are among the leaders in cyber diplomacy and cybersecurity on the global stage, Japan also being a key strategic partner for the EU and NATO. They have many similarities in their approaches to cybersecurity and state behaviour in cyberspace, which has established solid ground for closer bilateral ties. This report, authored by leading Estonian and Japanese researchers of cybersecurity policy, gives a valuable insight into the experiences and perspectives of these two countries, their success stories and challenges in building a secure cyberspace, as well as the potential for cooperation.
Topic:: Security, Foreign Policy, International Affairs, Cybersecurity, and Resilience
Political Geography:: Japan, Eurasia, Eastern Europe, and Estonia

4. Israel-Africa Relations: What Can We Learn from the Netanyahu Decade?

Author:: Benjamin Augé
Publication Date:: 11-2020
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI)
Abstract:: Since he came to power in 2009, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has not made Israeli-African relations a priority in his foreign policy. After they broke off diplomatic relations with Israel following the Yom Kippur War in 1973, most African states – besides Malawi, South Africa (apart from between 1975 and 1979), Swaziland and Lesotho – finally resumed relations with the Jewish state during the 1980s and 1990s and more recently for some others. The resumption of diplomatic ties was gradual, as peace efforts were initiated regarding Palestine. Israel now enjoys diplomatic relations with more than 40 sub-Saharan African states, but only has 12 embassies throughout the entire continent, including in Cairo. The last ones to be opened were in Kigali (Rwanda) in 2019 and Accra (Ghana) in 2011. The Israeli government today views Africa either as a longstanding sphere of influence (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Cameroon, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Uganda and for the last two decades Rwanda) that needs to be strengthened, or as a new sphere of influence to be developed (the Sahel countries, central Africa, etc.) These relations operate through various conventional channels, including some that have been significantly weakened by Benjamin Netanyahu when he was Israeli prime minister between 1996 and 1999 and since 2009. This is particularly true for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its counterpart, Mashav, responsible for development cooperation. However, the security and intelligence sectors (Mossad), controlled by the Prime Minister’s Office, are strong drivers of Israeli foreign policy, hence Benjamin Netanyahu’s dominance over foreign affairs in general, and Africa in particular. The objective of this paper is to explain how political, economic and security relationships between Africa and Israel have developed in practice during the decade 2009-2020. The aim here is to go beyond a mere account of the history of these relationships. Since 2009, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu – still in power at the time of writing – has frequently talked about his country’s return to the African stage, without necessarily providing his government with the financial resources to achieve this.
Topic:: International Relations, Foreign Policy, International Affairs, and Benjamin Netanyahu
Political Geography:: Africa, Middle East, and Israel

5. OK, Boomer: Youth Hesitant to Use Force, Shun US Exceptionalism in Foreign Policy

Author:: Brendan Helm and Dina Smeltz
Publication Date:: 02-2020
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Chicago Council on Global Affairs
Abstract:: Millennials, the oft-referenced generation born in the ’80s and ’90s, are the first generation to have access to the internet in their youth and are the largest and most diverse generation in American history. Now for the first time, Millennials are running for US president: Pete Buttigieg and Tulsi Gabbard were born in 1982 and 1981 respectively, putting them at the upper limit of the Millennial range. The 2019 Chicago Council Survey data provide insight into how this group views key foreign policy issues compared with previous generations. While there is some evidence that younger Americans are more hesitant to engage in the world and more likely to oppose the use of force than their elders, time will tell whether the post-Cold War and 9/11 experiences have shaped a new generation with enduring preferences for a more restrained, less military-focused foreign policy.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, International Affairs, Public Opinion, and Youth
Political Geography:: China, Asia, North America, and United States of America

6. The impact of COVID-19 on the performance of peace operations

Author:: Cedric H. de Coning
Publication Date:: 04-2020
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
Abstract:: Between the African Union, European Union, OSCE, NATO and United Nations there are approximately 160,000 civilian, police and military personnel deployed in more than 50 missions. These missions have all been forced to take unprecedented steps to adapt and cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. This may be just the beginning and much more significant reductions and changes in the way these operations function may be needed over the coming months.
Topic:: United Nations, International Affairs, European Union, African Union, and COVID-19
Political Geography:: Africa

7. 2019: A Changing International Order? Implications for the Security Environment

Author:: Christopher Ankersen, Prof. William G. Braun III, Ferry de Kerckhove, Carol V. Evans, Kathryn M. Fisher, Samit Ganguly, Anna Geis, Sara K. McGuire, Kim Richard Nossal, Ben Rowswell, and Stefanie Von Hlatky
Publication Date:: 10-2020
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: The Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
Abstract:: KCIS2019 examined the implications of the changing international order for international security. It studied the hypercompetitive, multipolar environment in which we find ourselves, marked by a persistent struggle for influence and position within a “grey zone” of competition. This edited collection features contributions from academic and military experts who have examined the future of the liberal international order and what is at stake. These evidence-based examinations discuss the challenges to the order, and why it has been so difficult to articulate a compelling narrative to support the continuation of American leadership.
Topic:: Security, International Affairs, Armed Forces, and Army
Political Geography:: Global Focus and United States of America

8. Reclamation: A Cultural Policy for Arab-Israeli Partnership

Author:: Joseph Braude
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
Abstract:: A new opportunity has emerged to roll back generations of antisemitic and rejectionist messaging in Arab media, mosques, and schools. It stems from the convergence of interests between Israel and Arab powers, a youthful Arab grassroots trend in favor of a “peace between peoples,” and new Israeli and American Jewish capacities to engage Arab public discussions from the outside in. But prospects for change remain severely constrained: In addition to the effects of the Israeli-Palestinian stalemate, the legacy of antisemitic brainwashing endures in many Arab institutions and draws further energy from Iranian and jihadist information operations. Meanwhile, proponents of a positive shift lack coordination, planning, and adequate support. In Reclamation: A Cultural Policy for Arab-Israeli Partnership, Joseph Braude documents the opportunity as well as the obstacles, and then proposes a strategy to accelerate progress. He explains how to engage Arab allies in a coordinated communications reform effort, support independent Arab champions of civil relations with Israel and Jews, expand the “outside-in” capacities, and degrade Iranian and jihadist channels of indoctrination within the region.
Topic:: International Security and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

9. Majority of Americans Oppose Expanding US-Mexico Wall

Author:: Craig Kafura
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Chicago Council on Global Affairs
Abstract:: The federal government remains in a partial shutdown, the longest in US history, as President Trump and Democrats in Congress are deadlocked over funding for expanding the border wall with Mexico. A just-completed Chicago Council Survey shows that both sides have the backing of their public constituencies, but the President’s insistence on this topic has not boosted support for the expansion among the general public. Overall more Americans now oppose expanding the US-Mexico border wall since last asked in 2016.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

10. Energy Geopolitics in 2019

Author:: Al Jazeera Center for Studies
Publication Date:: 02-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Al Jazeera Center for Studies
Abstract:: The extraordinary criticism that Saudi Arabia is under holds the potential for the US Congress enacting legislation against OPEC. Anti-trust legislation would have turbulent impact on the global energy market in that such pressure could lead members withdrawing from OPEC.
Topic:: Energy Policy, International Security, and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

11. Social Capital between State and Society in Morocco: An Outside-in Reflection

Author:: Al Jazeera Center for Studies
Publication Date:: 02-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Al Jazeera Center for Studies
Abstract:: Since 2017, the decline of social capital in Morocco represents a tree that hides a forest. We are now at an interlocking point of two negative trends in this decline: one is political vertical, and the other is societal horizontal.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Morocco

12. Global Compact for Migration: Security Constraints versus Humanitarian Morality in the Case of Morocco

Author:: Anna Jacobs
Publication Date:: 02-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Al Jazeera Center for Studies
Abstract:: Morocco’s migration policy reflects of the interconnectedness of foreign policy priorities, desired reform and the reality of domestic politics. Morocco has positioned itself as a counterterrorism and migration ally for Europe; while leaning toward the African Union, and African markets.
Topic:: International Relations, Migration, International Affairs, and Global Security
Political Geography:: Global Focus

13. Do Trump’s Sanctions on Iran Fulfill Their Objectives?

Author:: Fatima Al-Smadi
Publication Date:: 12-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Al Jazeera Center for Studies
Abstract:: The sanctions affect Iran in many ways, not only in economic terms. This paper examines the impact of sanctions on Iran’s domestic and foreign policy.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Iran

14. An Implementation Guide for National Human Rights Institutions

Author:: The Carter Center
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: The Carter Center
Abstract:: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets peace, justice and strong institutions as goals for the international community to work toward, along with participatory decision-making at all levels and equal representation and participation of women in public affairs (Goals 5.5 and 16.7).1 The Human Rights Council stressed “the critical importance of equal and effective participation in political and public affairs for democracy, the rule of law, social inclusion, economic development and advancing gender equality, and for the realization of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.” 2 As part of their broad mandate to protect and promote human rights, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have a key role to play in protecting and promoting the right to participate in public affairs.
Topic:: Human Rights and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

15. A Guide to Election Observer Policies in the United States

Author:: The Carter Center
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: The Carter Center
Abstract:: Election observation is the process by which parties, candidates, citizen groups or independent organizations deploy observers to witness the electoral process. Different types of observers have very different goals for watching an election. While observers from political parties seek to ensure that election administration does not disadvantage their campaigns, nonpartisan observers focus on checking compliance with election administration regulations. Credible nonpartisan observers are interested in promoting integrity, transparency, and efficiency in the electoral process and have no stake in the political outcome.During contentious or highly competitive elections, impartial observation can provide an important avenue for reliable feedback about which aspects of an election went well and what parts could improve
Topic:: International Affairs and Democracy
Political Geography:: Global Focus

16. Political Entrepreneurship in International Peace Mediation

Author:: Burak Akçapar
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: Since the launch of the Mediation for Peace initiative by Turkey and Finland in 2010, there has been an upsurge of activity at the United Nations (UN) and several regional organizations to promote mediation as a conflict resolution method. The UN General Assembly, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) have set out to develop mediation norms, procedures, and capacities. The assets and motivations of international actors, including foremost nation states, to provide mediation services as part of their foreign policy have been widely studied. However, the actual role played by specific leading nations in the promotion of mediation at international forums lacks a framework of analysis. This essay aims to fill this gap by employing the concept of “policy entrepreneurship” to explain the role of individual actors in transforming the politics, norms, and capacities that pertain to mediation. In this regard, the article discusses Turkey’s activities in the field of mediation and their transformative outcomes in a bid to test the proposed framework. It concludes that as the only country that co-chairs the friends of mediation groups simultaneously in the UN, the OSCE and the OIC, the distinguishing contribution of Turkey as a policy entrepreneur lies in its efforts to feed and shape the normative basis and capacities of international peace mediation efforts.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Turkey

17. UN Reforms—A Major Step Forward January 1, but Some Challenges Still to Overcome

Author:: Sarah Cliffe
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: UN Secretary-General António Guterres was appointed in 2016 on an explicit reform platform. In 2017, we published commentaries on his reform proposals. Now that those reforms that have been approved are moving into implementation, we publish this simple guide to what has been achieved and the potential potholes still ahead.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

18. Innovative Finance to Sustain Peace: Mapping Ideas

Author:: Riva Kantowitz
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: This article, continuing CIC's work of exploring innovative finance for sustaining peace, examines important related conversations in the humanitarian and peacebuilding sectors, and efforts and tools in finance that could be utilized for sustaining peace. It also examines potential gamechangers such as blockchain and artificial intelligence—technologies and methods that have the potential to radically shift the way in which these tools are employed.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

19. Pushing the boundaries: How to create more effective migration cooperation across the Mediterranean

Author:: Tasnim Abderrahim
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)
Abstract:: In 2018 Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia roundly rejected EU plans for ‘regional disembarkation platforms’ out of concern: around the cost of hosting migrants on their own soil; for public opinion; and to remind Europe of their own sovereignty. North African governments further point out that they too have migration issues to deal with, including growing pressure on their borders, integration of newcomers, and domestic discontent about migration. While the EU’s concerns about irregular migration are legitimate, the proposal for disembarkation platforms was likely a misstep, as it only fuelled tension in the relationship with its southern neighbours. That said, Europe and North Africa already have a long and mature relationship when it comes to cooperating on migration matters. The 2018 proposal for disembarkation platforms may now be a non-starter. But opportunities remain for the EU to deepen its partnership working with Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia on border control and – although this area is more contested – on migrant returns.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

20. Strength In Numbers

Author:: Wendy Cutler
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Asia Society
Abstract:: Tensions in U.S.-China economic and trade relations have steadily increased over the past year, leading to the imposition of tariffs and counter-tariffs impacting nearly USD $400 billion in two-way trade. At the time of writing, a negotiated solution has yet to materialize, but the two sides have continued to make progress, with a deal seemingly imminent. At the heart of the conflict are challenges posed by China’s state-led economic model, including excessive and under-reported industrial subsidies and other financial assistance, operation of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), opaque regulatory measures that advantage domestic producers, forced technology transfer, and centrally directed strategic guidance
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

21. The Avoidable War: Reflections on U.S.-China Relations and the End of Strategic Engagement

Author:: Kevin Rudd
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Asia Society
Abstract:: 2018 REPRESENTED A FUNDAMENTAL STRATEGIC TURNING POINT in the 40-year history of U.S.-China relations. This is not just an American view; it is also the Chinese view. Just as it is my own analytical view based on 40 years of observation of this relationship, going back to the time when I was an undergraduate student at the Australian National University. The nature of this change is that the United States, after 40 years of strategic engagement with China following China’s decision under Deng Xiaoping to pursue a domestic policy shift toward economic reform and opening, has concluded that China is no longer a trustworthy strategic partner. The analytical underpinnings of the period of engagement were that China, having embarked upon a series of economic, social, and some political reforms, was incrementally integrating itself into the American-led international rules-based order. This, in turn, was based on China’s decision in 1978 to abandon its policy of support for communist revolutionary movements around the world. This change followed the abandonment of a decade-plus of political radicalism pursued by Mao during the Cultural Revolution. And it followed, perhaps most significantly, China’s decision to embrace one series after another of market-based economic reforms, beginning with the introduction of price-based incentives in agriculture, then light manufacturing, then the services industry before extending across much of the rest of the Chinese economy. On top of this, the normalization of political relations between the United States and China, from Richard Nixon’s visit in 1972 to formal diplomatic recognition under Jimmy Carter in 1979, led to a sustained period of fundamental strategic realignment between China and the United States against a common strategic adversary in the form of the Soviet Union
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

22. Understanding China’s Rise Under Xi Jinping

Author:: Kevin Rudd
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Asia Society
Abstract:: NEXT WEEK MARKS THE 216TH ANNIVERSARY of the founding of the West Point Military Academy. Its founding came less than 20 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown in 1781. It followed the decision by President Thomas Jefferson to establish the United States Military Academy just after his inauguration in 1801. Indeed, the United States Continental army first occupied this place on January 27, 1778, two years into the Revolutionary War, when things were not proceeding all that well against the British in that great conflagration. So you have been here at West Point since virtually the first birth-pangs of this great Republic
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

23. Xi Jinping, China, and the Global Order: The Significance of China’s 2018 Central Foreign Policy Work Conference

Author:: Asia Society Policy Institute
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Asia Society
Abstract:: ON JUNE 22–23 2018, THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY concluded its Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs, the second since Xi Jinping became General Secretary of the Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission in November 2012. The last one was held in November 2014. These are not everyday affairs in the Party’s deliberations on the great questions of China’s unfolding global engagement.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

24. NATO at Seventy: Filling NATO’s Critical Defense-Capability Gaps

Author:: Wolfgang Schroeder
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: As a young, single-seat fighter pilot based in Germany in the Royal Air Force of the early 1980s, I enjoyed a degree of certainty about my role in life. The world was, to all intents and purposes, a bi-polar place. We knew exactly from where our threat emanated and, indeed, had comprehensive standing plans for dealing with it. In the event of an attack by the Warsaw Pact on NATO’s eastern flank, we had pre-designated areas in which we would interdict any enemy military force heading westwards. We had pre-planned missions for systematically taking down all elements of Soviet air power — be it through suppression of enemy air defense sensors and surfaceto-air systems or denial of his airfields’ operating surfaces. In the event that the conflict escalated too rapidly, or went too far, we even had plans to resort to the ultimate sanction of the pre-planned and graduated employment of tactical nuclear weapons. Our plans, and our skills, were tested on a frequent and regular basis. It was no rare experience to be woken by a siren in the middle of the night to be called to duty. Our response time was measured, as was the ability to demonstrate our preparedness to brief our wartime missions, arm our aircraft, and prove our abilities to be airborne within the allocated time period. The results of these exercises—known as NATO Tactical Evaluations (TacEvals)—were equally rigorous in the Land and Maritime domains. Their results were widely shared within Alliance circles. Achieving a “one” for a TacEval result was every commanding officer’s goal
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

25. Ecology Meets Geopolitics

Author:: Peter Engelke and David Michel
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Himalayan Asia is a shorthand term referring to the Asian countries that depend on river water from the high mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau. As the rivers produced by the Himalayas and other mountain ranges on the Plateau are under increasingly serious pressure, water insecurity threatens much of the continent’s peace and security. Himalayan Asia’s transboundary water dynamics threaten to erode interstate cooperation, including among the continent’s major powers, risk worsening geopolitical competition, and heighten the odds of domestic and interstate conflict. Yet there are viable pathways for avoiding such outcomes, the most important of which treat water as a shared resource to be managed cooperatively.
Topic:: Peace Studies and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Asia

26. How Can NATO Contribute to Regional Cooperation in the Field of Training and Education?

Author:: Marija Ignjatijevic
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Belgrade Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: NATO shares its expertise with partner countries in order to assist them with defence education and training reform through a set of mechanisms. By joining different NATO initiatives partner countries open up the opportunity to exchange insights and experience in areas of common interest, gain access to the advice and support of NATO experts, as well as to take part in various NATO events and activities. Partnership education and training mechanisms are predominantly designed as bilateral tools - focused on enhancing cooperation and interoperability between the Alliance and the partner.
Topic:: International Cooperation, Regional Cooperation, and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

27. Grading China’s Belt and Road

Author:: Daniel M. Kliman
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: Since its launch in 2013, what China calls “One Belt, One Road” has emerged as the cornerstone of Beijing’s economic statecraft. Under the umbrella of the Belt and Road, Beijing seeks to promote a more connected world brought together by a web of Chinese-funded physical and digital infrastructure. The infrastructure needs in Asia and beyond are significant, but the Belt and Road is more than just an economic initiative; it is a central tool for advancing China’s geopolitical ambitions. Through the economic activities bundled under the Belt and Road, Beijing is pursuing a vision of the 21st century defined by great power spheres of influence, state-directed economic interactions, and creeping authoritarianism
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: China

28. New Voices in Grand Strategy

Author:: Richard Fontaine and et al
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: In June 2008, the Center for a New American Security published a compendium of essays to grapple with the central questions of American grand strategy.1 The volume compiled the views of leading senior strategists from across the political spectrum and from both academia and the policy community. Four years later, CNAS embarked on a similar venture, presenting the views of four more expert thinkers
Topic:: International Affairs and Geopolitics
Political Geography:: Global Focus

29. Intelligence Oversight Priorities for the 116th Congress

Author:: Carrie Cordero
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: Congressional oversight is essential for providing accountability for the activities of the intelligence services.1 Effective oversight by the congressional intelligence committees – by an independent branch of government – is needed in order to monitor the adequacy of legal authorities, the lawfulness of activities carried out under those authorities, and the responsible application of public funds for intelligence activities. As elected representatives entrusted with providing an outside check on activities that are conducted out of the public eye, members of the committees serve a critical function in facilitating accountability, transparency, and confidence in intelligence activities conducted under law.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

30. Maintaining America’s Coercive Economic Strength

Author:: Paula J. Dobriansky
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: U.S. foreign policy officials have embraced economic sanctions as a tool of choice for American foreign policy. Decisionmakers have deployed sanctions against strategic adversaries and national security threats ranging from Russia to non-state actors such as terrorist groups, drug cartels, and businesspeople who engage in corrupt activities. The appeal to both policy leaders and key constituent groups of the potent economic impacts of sanctions in several recent high-profile cases, particularly those of Iran, Russia, North Korea, and Venezuela, combined with broad bipartisan support for aggressive use of U.S. sanctions, suggests that the United States will favor this policy tool and be an active practitioner in the years ahead
Topic:: International Security and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Russia

31. The Influence of Commercial Space Capabilities on Deterrence

Author:: John Klein
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: Recent U.S. space policy initiatives underscore the far-reaching benefits of commercial space activities. The White House revived the National Space Council to foster closer coordination, cooperation, and exchange of technology and information among the civil, national security, and commercial space sectors.1 National Space Policy Directive 2 seeks to promote economic growth by streamlining U.S. regulations on the commercial use of space.2 While the defense community generally appreciates the value of services and capabilities derived from the commercial space sector—including space launch, Earth observation, and satellite communications—it often overlooks one area of strategic importance: deterrence.
Topic:: International Cooperation, International Affairs, and Cybersecurity
Political Geography:: Global Focus

32. Contested Spaces A Renewed Approach to Southeast Asia

Author:: Patrick M. Cronin
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: As the competition between the United States and China to shape the course of the 21st century intensifies, Southeast Asia has become a contested space. A region where geopolitical orientations remain fluid, Southeast Asia lies at the front line of Beijing’s expanding diplomatic influence, economic leverage, and military capability. At stake is whether countries across the region can retain their economic sovereignty and freedom of decision, and whether governance in the region will broadly trend toward greater freedom and openness, or the opposite.
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

33. Negotiating With North Korea

Author:: Patrick M. Cronin and Kristine Lee
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: fter a year of historic summits and negotiations, North Korea’s future remains mired in uncertainty. Kim Jong Un, in the lead-up his second summit with President Trump, has an opportunity to cast aside his country’s pariah status and jump headlong into economic development, but the diplomatic window is narrowing. Protracted stalemate may be unavoidable, but over the course of the next year or two the negotiating process is likely to be binary and head in one of two directions: Either sufficient progress is made to justify continuing the recent rapprochement, or frustrations over the lack of progress will effectively terminate the United States’ diplomatic opening with the Kim regime.
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: North Korea

34. Understanding China's AI Strategy

Author:: Gregory Allen
Publication Date:: 02-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: n the second half of 2018, I traveled to China on four separate trips to attend major diplomatic, military, and private-sector conferences focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI). During these trips, I participated in a series of meetings with high-ranking Chinese officials in China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, leaders of China’s military AI research organizations, government think tank experts, and corporate executives at Chinese AI companies. From these discussions – as well as my ongoing work analyzing China’s AI industry, policies, reports, and programs – I have arrived at a number of key judgments about Chinese leadership’s views, strategies, and prospects for AI as it applies to China’s economy and national security. Of course, China’s leadership in this area is a large population with diversity in its views, and any effort to generalize is inherently presumptuous and essentially guaranteed to oversimplify. However, the distance is large between prevailing views in American commentary on China’s AI efforts and what I have come to believe are the facts. I hope by stating my takeaways directly, this report will advance the assessment of this issue and be of benefit to the wider U.S. policymaking community.
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

35. A Realistic Path for Progress on Iran

Author:: Eric M. Brewer and Elisa Catalano Ewers
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: The Trump administration has adopted an aggressive Iran strategy. The United States seeks to achieve—via the application of maximum pressure—nothing short of a fundamental change to policies that have defined the Islamic Republic for decades, if not since its founding, and have been a constant source of tension with the United States. Although the U.S. decision to withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and re-impose sanctions on Iran has garnered most of the attention, the administration also is leveraging diplomatic, law enforcement, informational, and other tools to apply pressure across a range of issues: Iran’s missile program, support for terrorism, regional influence, and human rights record
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Iran

36. Financial Networks of Mass Destruction

Author:: Elizabeth Rosenberg and Neil Bhatiya
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: The international community has long prioritized reducing the risk of weapons of mass destruction proliferation, whether from state actors such as North Korea and Iran, or from non-state actors, particularly criminals and transnational terrorist networks. Despite this concern, however, there remains a significant blind spot: the efforts to prevent the financing of WMD proliferation are only in their infancy. The legal framework to prevent the financing of proliferation is weak, and implementation across the world is spotty. These weaknesses derive from one overwhelming fact: The international community has not prioritized financial controls to fight proliferation. Very few countries have demonstrated the political will to put further emphasis on this threat to international peace and security.
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

37. Rethinking Requirements and Risk in the New Space Age

Author:: John Klein
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
Abstract:: Recent advancements in the commercial space launch and small satellite sectors are revolutionizing how the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) will access and use space. Increasingly, many within the national security space community view commercial space capabilities as essential for maintaining U.S. competitive advantage and protecting national security interests in space.1 However, DoD is still failing to take full advantage of the benefits from the commercial space sector. This shortfall is due to fundamental differences between defense and commercial innovation cycles, as well as differing perspectives on requirements and risk
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

38. Mainstreaming Natural Capital Valuation

Author:: Purvaja Modak
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations
Abstract:: In a policy brief for Japan's G20 Presidency in 2019, Purvaja Modak, Akshay Mathur and K.N. Vaidyanathan discuss the need to encourage the development and adoption of processes and methods that can quantify the costs of using natural resources
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: India

39. Preparing for Climate Intervention Decision Making in the Global South: A Role for Canada and India

Author:: Timiebi Aganaba-Jeanty
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations
Abstract:: The use of climate intervention technologies has not taken into sufficient account the social dimensions of climate intervention research, which includes citizen participation and pooling of knowledge resources. To fill this lacuna, Canada and India can examine what participation in climate intervention research means in the context of an African country to be able to evolve a more international view; urge both countries to conduct national policy discussions on climate intervention research; and increase public awareness of climate intervention technologies
Topic:: Climate Change and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

40. Making Terrestrial Geoengineering Technologies Viable: An Opportunity for India-Canada Climate Leadership

Author:: Chaitanya Giri
Publication Date:: 02-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations
Abstract:: The UN’s Paris Agreement is best known as the commitment by nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to slow the rise in global temperatures. But less-heralded provisions of the pact go further than that. In an acknowledgment that emissions-reduction alone will not resolve the unfolding climate crisis, a call has been made for the development of carbon sinks to remove gases already in the atmosphere. These less-heralded greenhouse gas removal technologies are essential to achieving the pact’s goal of keeping the global average surface temperature from rising more than the 1.5 degrees Celsius. These steps are also a key to ensuring that India and Canada meet their ambitious climate-action goals without suffering severe socio-economic and climatic harm.
Topic:: Climate Change and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

41. Partnering for Prosperity: India-Canada Collaboration to Curb Digital Black Markets

Author:: Sameer Patil
Publication Date:: 02-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations
Abstract:: India and Canada face multiple common cyber security challenges. Not the least of these are digital black markets, where contraband and illegal services are bought and sold. These markets have abetted drug smuggling, facilitated cyber crimes and contributed to terrorist activities. Despite frequent security crackdowns, these marketplaces have proved to be resilient. This paper reviews the measures both India and Canada have taken to disrupt digital black markets and examines opportunities to expand current security cooperation strategies.
Topic:: International Affairs and Digital Economy
Political Geography:: Global Focus

42. Opportunities for Cooperative Cyber Security

Author:: Aaron Shull
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations
Abstract:: While India and Canada are each individually taking steps to enhance their cyber security capacity, increased collaboration between the two countries in the realm of cyber security would increase systemic trust while creating opportunities to promote the nations’ strategic and economic interests. There are several similarities in the cyber security threats that both countries face, including being the subjects of attacks with suspected Chinese origins, and mutual concerns over terrorism and election manipulation
Topic:: International Security and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

43. Una buena política exterior contribuye a una buena política interior

Author:: COMEXI
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Mexican Council on Foreign Relations (COMEXI)
Abstract:: Ante los resultados electorales del pasado primero de julio, se abre una extraordinaria oportunidad para repensar la estrategia mexicana hacia el exterior que posicione a México en un espacio congruente con sus objetivos internos y su realidad internacional. Todo ello en el contexto de las herramientas que tiene a su disposición para aumentar su atractivo y competitividad en el escenario internacional
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Mexico

44. The Unsustainability of ISIS Detentions in Syria

Author:: Elizabeth Dent
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Middle East Institute (MEI)
Abstract:: Although the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) number over 60,000 and control nearly one-third of the territory of Syria, they face a number of challenges that threaten to destabilize their fragile control. Perhaps the most immediate is what to do with the influx of ISIS members and their families that have poured out of the Middle Euphrates River Valley, particularly since February 2019. The SDF is now holding thousands of Iraqi and Syrian fighters, as well as over a thousand foreign ones. The ultimate disposition of these fighters is a grave challenge. One has only to look at Iraq to see how prison breaks and an incapacity to deal with terrorist detainees can cause an insurgency to spread like wildfire. This paper lays out the problem and explores possible options for what to do, from repatriating the foreign fighters to their country of origin and housing them in Guantanamo Bay to trying them at the International Criminal Court in The Hague and turning them over to the Iraqi government.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Syria

45. Libyan crisis reshuffles traditional alliances

Author:: Rina Bassist
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: The April 4 offensive launched by Gen. Khalifa Haftar and the National Libyan Army (LNA) to take control of Tripoli is now, as of May 2019, in its second month; regional actors are becoming fearful of a bloody stalemate. While the ongoing civil war in Libya has pitted mostly local forces against each other, countries such as Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Russia have allied against Italy and Great Britain, in an intensified diplomatic battle primarily being waged at the UN Security Council. In fact, the ongoing Libyan crisis has shattered traditional alliances. The
Topic:: International Security and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Libya

46. To Close the Rifts, Leadership is Needed

Author:: Mohammad Darawshe
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: For the Arab voter, there weren’t compelling reasons to vote in the 2019 Knesset elections. In fact, a number of reasons motivated them not to. Quarrels around the issue of seat rotation plagued the Joint List and clarified for the Arab voter that the hope for unity had been lost. The Arab public therefore decided to punish the parties, taking from them the privilege it had given, returning them to their natural size in order to school them in the laws of modesty.
Topic:: International Security, International Affairs, and Elections
Political Geography:: Middle East

47. Arab Voting in the 21st Knesset Elections

Author:: Arik Rudnitzky
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: This article reviews the results of the elections for the 21st Knesset in Arab and Druze communities. It also examines voting patterns in these localities by demographic characteristics (by ethnic group and geographical area) and voting patterns of Arab residents in mixed cities. The discussion then deals with two issues: (a) the question of the renewed connection between the Arab voter and Jewish parties; (b) the voting patterns of Christian voters. All data presented here were taken from the conclusions of Central Elections Committee
Topic:: International Security and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

48. Military or Civilian Rule? The Struggle for the Future of Sudan

Author:: Eline Rosenhart
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: On April 11, 2019, months of popular street protests led to the ouster of Sudan’s President of 30 years, Omar al-Bashir. Since April 6, the protesters in Sudan have maintained a presence in front of the military headquarters in Khartoum. The street in front of the headquarters has been transformed into a massive campground with people sleeping, eating, praying and even watching soccer and music performances. Protesters have set up roadblocks to prevent army vehicles from entering the area and volunteers are checking for weapons at the improvised checkpoints that control entry into the protesters’ campground. So far, their efforts have proven effective. The Transitional Military Council, which took over from al-Bashir, has not managed to disperse the protesters, remove the roadblocks, or impose a curfew. What were the events that led to the protest movement that removed Omar al-Bashir from power? What are the demands of the protesters? Why are they still massed in front of the military headquarters?
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

49. Turkey's Diaspora Policy and the "DİTİB" Challenge

Author:: Yasar Aydın
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: Today, it is possible to state that the bilateral relations between Turkey and Germany are perhaps the most strained that they have ever been. While there have been some signs of lessening tensions following the February 2018 release of German citizens held in Turkish prisons, points of contention still remain. These include an ongoing dispute over Fethullah Gülen’s supporters in Germany, the fate of other German citizens currently incarcerated in Turkey, and Ankara’s recent rescinding of work permits for German journalists. Meanwhile, the Ankara-Berlin relationship is further challenged by the Turkish Diaspora.[1]It is true that the transnational orientations of German citizens of Turkish origin and their communal organizations in Germany intensify the interdependencies between the two countries. However, simultaneously these transnational interconnections also increase the complexity of the bilateral relations and widen the friction between Turkey and Germany.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

50. The Oil Market Swings: Shale and Geo-politics

Author:: Paul Rivlin
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: Recently, two trends became apparent in global oil markets. First, prices rose: the OPEC basket price reached $73.14 a barrel on 24 April 2019, a 40 percent rise over the price at the beginning of January, and 13 percent higher than the average for the year of 2018. According to the International Energy Agency, the reasons for higher prices included tighter global supplies that have prevailed due to strong compliance with OPEC’s decision in December 2018 to reduce production by 1.2 million barrels a day (mb/d), as well as sanctions against Venezuela and Iran, and conflict in Libya. These developments, along with the second trend of the rising US share in the global oil market discussed below, offset bearish factors including concern over the health of the global economy
Topic:: International Security and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

51. Conspiracy Theory Culture in Turkey and the "Crypto-Jews": Dönmes

Author:: Turkay Nefes Salim
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: A well-known Turkish sociologist, Şerif Mardin, once remarked that conspiracy theories shape Turkish people’s historical perspective. Indeed, conspiratorial accounts are ubiquitous in modern Turkish politics: the Turkish government explained that the Gezi Park protests in 2013 were a foreign conspiracy meant to undermine Turkish economic progress.[1] Moreover, ever since the 1970s, various speakers in the Turkish parliament have claimed that there is a clandestine elite group determined to defend the Turkish state ideology by legal and extralegal means alike, and which is responsible for various conspiracies including, but not limited to extrajudicial assassinations.[2] In this political climate, conspiracy theories about Dönmes (Sabbateans), the followers of Sabbatai Sevi (Shabtai Tzvi), represent a major part of contemporary Turkish anti-Semitism. For example, the conspiracy theory books of Soner Yalçın became best-sellers in the Turkish book market in 2004 and 2006
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

52. China: Economy, Energy and the Middle East

Author:: Paul Rivlin
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: Several key questions arise with respect to China’s economic involvement in the Middle East: What are China’s interests in the Middle East? How far are they dominated by its energy needs? How are they affected by its relations with the United States? Since the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping at the end of the 1970s, China has experienced rapid economic growth. In 2000, China’s GDP was equal to 12 percent of that of the US; by 2017 it had reached 63 percent. It’s GDP per capita rose from under 3 percent of the US level to nearly 15 percent in the same period. In real terms, China’s GDP more than quadrupled and GDP per capita rose nearly as fast.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

53. Morocco’s pro-active diplomacy, two years after (re)joining the African Union

Author:: Rina Bassist
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
Abstract:: On Jan. 3, 2017, thirty-three years after leaving the Organization for African Unity (OAU) over the acceptance of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SDAR) as a member state, Morocco’s bid to rejoin the African Union (AU) was approved. And while Rabat presented this as a triumph, this move reflected in effect the failure of Morocco’s ‘’empty chair’’ policy, designed to penalize its African partners for recognizing SDAR and the Polisario Frente. Morocco succeeded in persuading a large majority of AU members to vote in favor of its integration, but at the same time was forced to accept an AU which includes SDAR as a member state. Had Morocco renounced its ‘sacred cause’ of sovereignty over Western Sahara? Not in the least. But King Mohammed VI now estimates that this objective can be better achieved as a member of the AU.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Middle East

54. Massive and Misunderstood: Data-Driven Insights into National Oil Companies

Author:: David Mihalyi and Patrick Heller
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Natural Resource Governance Institute
Abstract:: National oil companies (NOCs) produce the majority of the world’s oil and gas, pumping out an estimated 85 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. Within their home countries, NOCs influence the degree to which billions of people benefit (or suffer) from their countries’ hydrocarbon assets. Many of these companies manage multi-billion-dollar portfolios of public assets, execute complex projects across their territories and at sea, employ citizens in the tens or hundreds of thousands, and perform a range of public services from providing energy to building infrastructure. Despite their importance, NOCs are poorly understood thanks to weak and uneven reporting, sparse research, and an absence of publicly available comparative data.
Topic:: International Affairs and Natural Resources
Political Geography:: Global Focus

55. Resource Governance Index: From Legal Reform to Implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author:: Natural Resource Governance Institute
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Natural Resource Governance Institute
Abstract:: This report explores common resource governance successes and challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, taking advantage of the rich dataset and wealth of evidence documentation provided by the Resource Governance Index. While the authors detect common trends across the region, there is also great diversity between and within countries. It also documents examples of good practices from which officials in other countries can learn. The authors conclude with the suggestion that policymakers, parliamentarians, civil society, media and regional institutions focus more on narrowing the implementation gap, which will help to restore trust between government, communities and investors and thus strengthen sustainable management of natural resources. Creating space for public debate, strengthening capacity of public institutions and oversight actors, addressing lack of political will and learning from past legal reforms are possible solutions to address the implementation gap.
Topic:: International Affairs and Natural Resources
Political Geography:: Global Focus

56. SETA Security Radar | Turkey’s Security Landscape in 2019

Author:: SETA
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
Abstract:: In 2018, Turkey encountered a complex security environment and endured a wide range of challenging situations ranging from cross-border counterterrorism operations to multidimensional conflicts involving various influential state actors. With this in mind, the SETA Security team compiled SETA Security Radar: Turkey’s Security Landscape in 2019 in line with the critical developments that took place in 2018. This work aims to provide a timely and accessible assessment of the challenges awaiting Turkey in 2019. Hence, SETA Security Radar: Turkey’s Security Landscape in 2019 pertains to the following topics: Turkey’s role in Syria, Turkey’s counterterrorism strategy, Turkey’s military activism, the Turkish defense agenda, Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean, and Turkey’s bilateral relations with the United States and Russia. By creating awareness among policymakers and interested researchers, SETA Security Radar: Turkey’s Security Landscape in 2019 intends to achieve a common understanding of the security prospects awaiting Turkey in 2019.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

57. Interfactional dynamics and the future of Idlib

Author:: Murat Yeşiltaş and Omar Özkızılcık
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
Abstract:: Since the planned wide-scale military operation by the Assad regime in July 2018 against the different military factions, Idlib has been the center of the Syrian conflict. On January 1, 2019, renewed clashes between Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), the former Al-Nusra Front, and the Nureddin Zengi Movement brought Idlib again at the epicenter of the Syrian conflict. Now, HTS has become a dominant power in the region in terms of controlling territory, and has become capable of transforming Idlib. This paper aims to give a brief overview of the recent battle and the dynamics inside Idlib which led to the fighting between the Nureddin Zengi Movement and HTS. Furthermore, the dynamics which enabled HTS to win the battle will be analyzed. Based on the implications for the interfactional dynamics in Idlib, the Sochi agreement between Turkey and Russia has to be adjusted given that certain of its terms couldn’t be implemented on the ground. The paper also offers an array of possible scenarios of how Turkey and Russia might adjust the Sochi agreement in order to counter the violent extremist group in Idlib and prevent a humanitarian crisis
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

58. La Política Exterior de Estados Unidos Un atardecer desfigurado

Author:: Antonio Marquina
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Unidad de investigación sobre seguridad y cooperación (UNISCI)
Abstract:: La Política Exterior de Estados Unidos Un atardecer desfigurado
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

59. La Estrategia Global de la Unión Europea. Asomándose al Precipicio

Author:: Antonio Marquina
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Unidad de investigación sobre seguridad y cooperación (UNISCI)
Abstract:: La Estrategia Global de la Unión Europea. Asomándose al Precipicio
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

60. Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional 2013. Un pavimento deslizante

Author:: Antonio Marquina
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Unidad de investigación sobre seguridad y cooperación (UNISCI)
Abstract:: Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional 2013. Un pavimento deslizante
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

61. La Unión Europea y el Magreb. Reestructurando un imaginario

Author:: Antonio Marquina
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Unidad de investigación sobre seguridad y cooperación (UNISCI)
Abstract:: La Unión Europea y el Magreb. Reestructurando un imaginario
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

62. The post-caliphate Salafi-jihadi environment

Author:: Isaac Kfir
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI)
Abstract:: In 2019, the global Salafi-jihadi architecture is very different from the one that emerged in September 2001, when transnational terrorism burst on to the international scene, or July 2014, when ISIL controlled more than 34,000 square miles in Syria and Iraq and thousands of young men and women were flocking to be part of its ‘caliphate’.
Topic:: Terrorism, International Security, and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

63. The threats to the European Union’s economic sovereignty

Author:: Jean Pisani-Ferry
Publication Date:: 07-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: Memo to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The authors describe the current context and the increasing interlinkages between economics and power politics and the role to play in reinforcing and defending Europe’s economic sovereignty
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Europe

64. Redefining Europe’s economic sovereignty

Author:: Mark Leonard
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: This Policy Contribution delves into the position of the EU in the current global order. China and the United States increasingly trying to gain geopolitical advantage using their economic might. The authors examine the specific problems that China and the US pose for European economic sovereignty, and consider how the EU and its member states can better protect European economic sovereignty
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

65. A strategic agenda for the new EU leadership

Author:: Maria Demertzis
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: Memo to the presidents of the European Commission, Council and Parliament. 'A strategic agenda for the new EU leadership' by Maria Demertzis, André Sapir and Guntram Wolff is the first of our 2019 Bruegel memos to the new presidents of the European Commission, Council and Parliament. Focusing on the most important economic questions at EU level, these Bruegel memos are intended to be a strategic to-do list, outlining the state of affairs that will greet the new Commission
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Europe

66. China and the world trade organisation: towards a better fit

Author:: Petros C. Mavroidis
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: China’s participation in the WTO has been anything but smooth, as its self-proclaimed socialist market economy system has alienated its trading partners. The WTO needs to translate some of its implicit legal understanding into explicit treaty language, in order to retain its principles while accommodating China
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: China

67. Effectiveness of cohesion policy: learning from the project characteristics that produce the best results

Author:: Zsolt Darvas
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: This study by Zsolt Darvas, Antoine Mathieu Collin, Jan Mazza, and Catarina Midões analyses the characteristics of cohesion policy projects that can contribute to successful outcomes. Their analysis is based on a literature survey, an econometric analysis and interviews with stakeholders. About two dozen project characteristics are considered, and their association with economic growth is studied using a novel methodology. Based on the findings, the study concludes with recommendations for cohesion policy reform
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

68. How to improve European Union cohesion policy for the next decade

Author:: Zsolt Darvas
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: This policy contribution investigates the performance of the design, implementation and effectiveness of cohesion policy, the most evaluated EU tool for promoting economic convergence. By analysing the effects of cohesion policy on economic growth through reviewing literature, conducting empirical research by comparing regions, as well as considering attitudes and expectations collected through interviewing stakeholders, the authors provide reform recommendations.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

69. Europe – the global centre for excellent research

Author:: Michael Balternsperger
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: This report, requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, analyses the EU’s potential to be a global centre of excellence for research as a driver of its future growth in a complex global S&T landscape, and how EU public resources can contribute to this
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Europe

70. Estimating the cost of capital for wind energy investments in Turkey

Author:: Lynn Fredriksson
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Bruegel
Abstract:: Wind power represents a key component of Turkey’s energy strategy. Increased investment will be required to meet Turkey’s wind power target and, as such, there is a need to understand the viability of wind power projects there. The cost of capital is a crucial element in wind power investment decisions owing to the high capital intensity of wind power plants. A reduction in the cost of capital through support policies can lower overall project costs and increase investment
Topic:: International Relations, International Security, and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

71. Refocus the European Union: Planet, Lifetime, Technology

Author:: Heather Grabbe
Publication Date:: 07-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Abstract:: This report is a rallying cry for Europeans to pull together and mobilize the EU’s assets to manage the three biggest changes of our times. Each section briefly diagnoses the consequences of climate change, aging populations, and digital revolutions and then explores the role the EU could play in supporting the inevitable transitions. The purpose is not to provide a detailed blueprint for each transition, but rather to launch a new kind of debate about the EU—a debate that does not revolve around how to tweak the current institutions but instead how to address a reordered set of priorities
Topic:: International Affairs and Europe Union
Political Geography:: Europe

72. Geopolitics, Sanctions, and Russian Sovereign Debt Since the Annexation of Crimea

Author:: Max Hess
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Foreign Policy Research Institute
Abstract:: This report illustrates how the Russian Federation’s sovereign debt, particularly foreign currency bonds, have become an arena for interstate competition in the aftermath of Russia’s 2014 annexation of Crimea. Sanctions, both real and threatened, on Russia’s government, state-owned enterprises
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

73. Anatomy of a Muddle: U.S. Sanctions against Rusal and Oleg Deripaska

Author:: William Spiegelberger
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Foreign Policy Research Institute
Abstract:: Are U.S. sanctions on Russia working? Does Russia use its energy resources as a tool to coerce European countries? Any assessment of Russian foreign policy and the Kremlin’s relations with the United States depends on a clear-eyed understanding of Russian political economy. FPRI’s Eurasia Program features credible, expert analysis on key themes in Russian political economy. The Russia Political Economy Project will publish papers and host events in Washington, New York, and other cities on the subject. The Project also includes FPRI’S BMB Russia which provides a daily round-up of the major news items related to Russian politics and economics
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

74. Ibrahim Nasarallah's Palestine Comedies: Liberating the Nation Form

Author:: Nora Parr
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Institute for Palestine Studies
Abstract:: Conceptually linked, noncontiguous, and undeniably national, Ibrahim Nasrallah’s book series Al-milhat al-filastiniyya (The Palestine Comedies) breaks conceptual ground. Told across twelve volumes, the Comedies represents the long-called- for Palestinian national novel, though in unconventional form. The series uses diverse literary devices, including intertextuality and the archetype of the twin, to demonstrate how formal innovations can redirect assumptions about what constitutes not only a national novel, but also a nation. The series reimagines relationships between space, time, and people, giving narrative shape to a community so often imagined as fragments. Abandoning the retrospective prerequisite of bounded sovereign space and homogeneous, linear time, the Comedies imagines a “nation constellation.” A close examination of two novels within the series, A‛ras amna (2004) and Tifl al-mimhat (2000), shows how Palestinian relationships can be imagined outside existing national logics. It reads the constellation as an alternative nation form that can both encompass colonial frameworks and free the delimitation of Palestine from the dominance of power structures that only begin with the nation-state
Topic:: International Affairs, Power Politics, and Linguistics
Political Geography:: Palestine

75. Richard Falk: "Citizen Pilgrim" In the role of UN Rapporteur

Author:: Mandy Turner
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Institute for Palestine Studies
Abstract:: Richard Falk’s quest to combine academic scholarship with political activism is witnessed throughout his lifework, but perhaps especially so during his tenure as United Nations special rapporteur on human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, a position he held from 2008 to 2014. Falk is a vocal critic of Israel’s occupation and a staunch supporter of Palestinian self- determination, positions that have drawn strong condemnation from Israel and its supporters, but praise from Palestinians and their supporters. There is little doubt that Falk’s work has had a huge influence on public debate and activism pertaining to this issue, both within Israel-Palestine as well as globally. This article outlines Falk’s scholarship and activism regarding Palestine, analyzes the post of UN special rapporteur in general, reviews both criticism of and support for Falk’s work, and assesses Falk’s concept of the “citizen pilgrim.” It concludes by reflecting on what this reveals about the experience of praxis for politically engaged academics.
Topic:: International Organization and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Palestine

76. U.S Recognition of Golan Heights Annexation: Testament to Our Times

Author:: Victor Kattan
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Institute for Palestine Studies
Abstract:: On 25 March 2019, U.S. president Donald Trump signed a proclamation recognizing the occupied Golan Heights as part of Israel. The Golan Heights proclamation, which endorses Israel’s annexation of the territory captured from Syria in the 1967 war, was issued two weeks before the Israeli general election in a photo-op with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the White House. Undermining internationally agreed-upon norms prohibiting states from recognizing the annexation of territory by force, the proclamation could have detrimental consequences for the international legal order, providing a precedent for other states to take steps to annex territory they claim is necessary for their defense.
Topic:: International Political Economy, International Affairs, and Occupation
Political Geography:: Israel and Palestine

77. BDS Supression Attempts in Germany Backfire

Author:: Shir Hever
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Institute for Palestine Studies
Abstract:: German organizations are among the last Palestine solidarity groups in Europe to have embraced the call for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS), launched in 2005. Pro-Israel German groups have been quick to respond with aggressive rhetoric equating a BDS-favorable stance with Nazism. The vilification of the movement has had the unintended consequence of inserting BDS into German politics, both at federal and local levels. Select case studies show that the BDS debate in Germany has developed somewhat differently than in other European countries, and that religious discourse is significant in shaping attitudes to Israel and Palestine. While the Palestine solidarity movement tends to single out the “Anti-Germans”—a pro-Israel formation that grew out of the Left after the reunification of Germany—as the major culprit, it is in fact conservative Christian, mostly Evangelical, organizations that are largely responsible for discouraging BDS activism.
Topic:: International Political Economy and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Israel

78. US-Turkey Tense Relations and Their Possible Influence on Regional Security

Author:: Zurab Batiashvili
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Georgian Foundation for Strategic International Studies -GFSIS
Abstract:: The situation in the Middle East has been developing dynamically in the recent period of time – confrontations between the US and Iran, Israel and Iran, and the civil war in Syria, etc., creating additional threats and challenges for the wider region (which includes us, too). In such a situation, the tense relations between two powerful NATO member states – the US and Turkey and the foreign policy fluctuations that can be expected from this which could cause the paths of these two countries to diverge, also causing Ankara to become closer with Moscow – remain as a significantly noteworthy issue for Georgia. Such a development of events would probably become one of the biggest challenges to our country’s security.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Georgia

79. Post-Crimea Shift in EU-Russia Relations: From Fostering Interdependence to Managing Vulnerabilities

Author:: Kristi Raik and András Rácz
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: International Centre for Defence and Security - ICDS
Abstract:: The relationship between the EU and Russia is characterised by a considerable degree of interdependence. In the 1990s and 2000s, the EU’s approach to Russia was based on the expectation that economic ties and interaction in various fields would contribute to regional stability and security and possibly even the democratisation of Russia. However, looking at the relationship today, one has to admit that the expected positive effects of interdependence have not materialised. Since 2014, the conflict over Ukraine and rising geopolitical tensions have pushed the Europeans to reassess their approach and put more emphasis on reducing the vulnerabilities created by mutual ties, notably (but not only) in the field of energy. Russia, for its part, has been keen to reduce its dependence on Europe, for instance in the financial sector and in respect of food imports. As a result, the preconditions for developing the EU-Russia relationship in accordance with the logic of positive interdependence have weakened further.
Topic:: International Cooperation and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Ukraine

80. To the Seas Again Maritime Defence and Deterrence in the Baltic Region

Author:: Henrich Lange
Publication Date:: 04-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: International Centre for Defence and Security - ICDS
Abstract:: This report concerns the maritime aspects of defence and deterrence in the Baltic Sea region. Access to the Baltic Sea is of vital economic interest to its littoral states, including Russia. Large numbers of vessels convey substantial trade volumes, including energy products, through its waters each day, while a significant number of critical infrastructure links lie below its surface. The operating environment is complex. The Baltic Sea is confined and shallow. Its winding shape includes several bottlenecks, and its numerous islands confine major shipping to certain channels. Its unusual hydrology, frequent adverse weather conditions and ice, and the presence of large quantities of discarded ordnance complicate naval operations. The short distance of the sea from airfields and the potential operating locations of land-based military capability, including electronic warfare and cyber assets, further complicates the employment of naval force. This environment demands a particular set of professional skills and knowledge.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Baltic Sea

81. Going Past Monopoly: Developing a Balanced Baltic Sea Regional Gas Market

Author:: Emmet Tuohy
Publication Date:: 03-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: International Centre for Defence and Security - ICDS
Abstract:: In the last half-decade, the three Baltic states have made dramatic progress towards diversifying their energy supplies, especially of natural gas. This progress—brought about thanks to remarkable political will as well as improved regional cooperation—has resulted in considerable economic benefit while decreasing the three countries’ vulnerability to outside pressure. Yet, much remains to be done in order to complete the three countries’ internal markets.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Baltic Sea

82. Contemporary Deterrence – Insights and Lessons from Enhanced Forward Presence

Author:: Kalev Stoicescu
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: International Centre for Defence and Security - ICDS
Abstract:: NATO decided, in July 2016, to establish an enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. A battalion-size battlegroup (BG) was deployed in early 2017 to each of these nations. This report looks at various aspects of the eFP some eighteen months after the start of its deployment and offers recommendations to NATO Allies, particularly host and contributing nations, for strengthening the eFP.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

83. Challenge Paper: Inequality and Exclusion

Author:: Center on International Cooperation
Publication Date:: 07-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: Inequality and exclusion are among the most pressing political issues of our age. They are on the rise and the anger felt by citizens towards elites perceived to be out-of-touch constitutes a potent political force. Policy-makers and the public are clamoring for a set of policy options that can arrest and reverse this trend. The Pathfinders’ Grand Challenge on Inequality and Exclusion seeks to identify practical and politically viable solutions to meet the targets on equitable and inclusive societies in the Sustainable Development Goals. Our goal is for national governments, intergovernmental bodies, multilateral organizations, and civil society groups to increase commitments and adopt solutions for equality and inclusion.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

84. Data for Peace and Security

Author:: Paige Arther
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: As the world faces a significant upward trend in conflict—including a tripling of civil wars since 2007 and conflict increasingly prevalent in middle-income countries—practitioners in peace and security have sought to expand their toolkits to take advantage of the revolution in information gathering, data analytics, ICTs, and machine learning. On March 20, 2019, participants from around the world showcased 25+ innovative, data-driven approaches that are transforming the methods and the effectiveness of those working on early warning, conflict prevention, peacebuilding, stabilization, and international security
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

85. Innovative Social Protection

Author:: Center on International Cooperation
Publication Date:: 07-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: This review is based on a framework of both recognition and redistribution: i.e. that tangible redistributive outcomes are important in social protection, but so is the sense of recognition, meaning that the recipients of social protection are treated as equals, without loss of dignity or humiliation; and that differences in identity and circumstances are taken into account. This framework captures and incorporates recent innovations in social protection that include key aspects of subjective well-being, including dignity and respect, empowerment and agency, identity and belonging; strengthens the horizontal solidarity within communities and vertical relationships with the state; and recognizes citizens should be accorded rights and a voice in program design and implementation.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

86. Creating Political Space for Fiscal Compromises: How to Build Consensus Around Progressive Taxation and Spending

Author:: Paul von Chamier
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: The dynamics of socio-economic inequality and technical solutions geared toward addressing it have been well identified. The inability of many societies to deploy those solutions nonetheless is of a political nature. The focus of the debate should therefore be to understand the political dynamics around the subject and to learn to navigate the interests of key stakeholders. Throughout modern history, countries would transition back and forth between progressive, income-neutral, and sometimes even regressive fiscal systems. In doing so, they responded to shifting global and domestic contexts. This policy paper demonstrates that the decision on the progressivity of a tax system and fiscal spending is at its core a political rather than an economic or a technical one.4 When there is enough political momentum to address economic inequality, appropriate policies are usually found
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

87. Nationally Led Prevention: Practical Examples of Approaches to Risk and Resilience

Author:: Paige Arthur
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: The United Nations acknowledges that prevention is first and foremost a national priority. Indeed, governments routinely undertake efforts to reduce the risks of violent conflict, even when such actions are not formally called “prevention.” Bringing attention to nationally led efforts to reduce risks and build resilience can provide opportunities to create a positive narrative around prevention and to improve their effectiveness through an accompaniment and capacity-building approach. Such efforts also show how nationally led prevention can strengthen sovereignty, particularly as it both strengthens protective factors against violence and addresses risks.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

88. Rebuilding Common Ground: An Agenda for 21st Century Democratic Health and Resilience

Author:: Alex Evans
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: All over the world, countries at widely varying levels of development and with very different histories are grappling with a similar challenge: breakdown of common ground in politics. The exact contours of the problem vary from one country to another, and variously include falling trust, declining citizen engagement in politics, shrinking civic space, rising autocratization, or increasing political polarization in public attitudes or political party positioning. Yet across these areas, there are underlying themes – above all, the emergence of concerns about whether citizens and leaders share a sense of the common good, or have the capacity to reach compromises on complex issues.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

89. An Ambiguous Election: Tshisekedi’s First 100 Days in Office

Author:: Jason Stearns
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: The Democratic Republic of the Congo held national presidential and legislative elections on December 30th 2018. The elections, which had been delayed by two years, were mired in controversy. The national electoral commission declared opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi the winner of the presidential poll. However, a leak from the same commission, whose results were extremely similar to those released by the Catholic Church’s observation mission, showed that Martin Fayulu, another opposition leader, clearly won the elections.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

90. What’s Good for Women and Girls can be Good for Men and Boys

Author:: Jeni Klugman
Publication Date:: 06-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Center on International Cooperation
Abstract:: It is well known that gender inequality is bad for economic growth. Better gender equality is associated with gains in terms of income, economic growth, and national competitiveness. What is less widely recognized is that greater gender equality—in terms of labor force participation, wages, education, health, and assets—can work to close income gaps in society more broadly.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

91. The Western Balkans Counter-Serious Crime initiative

Author:: Denis Hadžović
Publication Date:: 07-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: The Centre for Security Studies
Abstract:: The location of the Western Balkans makes of it a sensitive area for the proliferation of criminal networks. Albeit regional leaders seem aware of Europe’s changing criminal landscape, considerable gaps in regional cooperation persist. The Integrative Internal Security Governance represents a policy coordination framework designed to foster cross-border cooperation in the region, enabling the Western Balkan countries to cope with internal security challenges in a longterm and self-sustainable perspective. Bosnia and Herzegovina took part in the initiative and committed to implement key priorities that would allow law enforcement agencies to keep pace with the changing nature of this significant threat. However, functionality along the law enforcement chain remains a matter of serious concern. A highly fragmented law enforcement sector still inhibits the country’s ability to detect, investigate and prosecute cases of serious and organized crime, jeopardizing first and foremost human security. In light of country’s integration objectives, Bosnian authorities should reopen discussion on structural reforms, starting from a serious and credible debate on police reform. This would allow Bosnia and Herzegovina to constructively participate in regional initiatives, fulfilling membership criteria, and improving the security of its citizens.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

92. Rethinking the European Union-Western Balkans cooperation on fighting organised crime in light of new challenges brought by the migration crisis

Author:: François Lhoumeau
Publication Date:: 05-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: The Centre for Security Studies
Abstract:: Faced with the migration crisis it has experienced since 2015, the EU has not presented a unified policy. Moreover, the different approaches to crisis management have undergone various reversals - from a simplified reception policy at the beginning of the crisis to a complete closure of borders from 2016. These policies had a direct impact on the Western Balkans region, then at the centre of the crisis. First a crossing point, the region has been repeatedly asked to be the guardian of EU borders. This has resulted in a significant number of migrants trapped within the borders of the Western Balkans. As the region is mainly a transit point, organised crime has been strengthened around migrant smuggling and human trafficking activities by the policies initiated at the end of 2015. Despite the EU's growing attention to this issue, regional cooperation efforts need to be strengthened. In addition, the EU must use the tools of enlargement to establish a comprehensive strategy based on strengthening the rule of law and maintaining security
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

93. Tourism Across Borders in Israel/Palestine

Author:: Anne Bauer
Publication Date:: 08-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: Israel/Palestine Creative Regional Initiatives (IPCRI)
Abstract:: This research was conducted as part of IPCRI's project "Tourism Brings Us Closer", funded by the Swiss Embassy, and examines the ways in which tourism can be used as a tool for social and political change. The research is based on focused group discussions with actors in the tourism industry that were conducted within the scope of the project. Thereby, the research analyses the challenges and opportunities identified by people working in the field. The research also offers a set of recommendations that can inform future engagements.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

94. Learning from Success in Climate-Informed Decision-Making: Case Studies Across the Three Regions

Author:: Zena Grecni
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: A network of sustained assessment specialists created within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (NOAA RISA) program present five case studies of successful local responses to climate change that are supported by scientific information. Based in three regions—the U.S. Pacific Islands, the South Central United States, and the Rocky Mountain West—the case studies in this report feature local managers who are providing and applying climate information, with valuable outcomes, across a range of geographic scales and sectors. They include improving local climate-adaptation efforts in San Angelo, Texas, enhancing the resilience of iconic coastal ecosystems on Hawai‘i Island, managing water in the Colorado River Conservation District, increasing conservation resilience in the southern Great Plains, and using El Niño forecasts to plan for drought in the Pacific Islands. The case studies provide new insights, which are summarized as five practical lessons for anyone seeking to better integrate climate considerations into decision-making.
Topic:: Environment, International Affairs, and Global Political Economy
Political Geography:: Global Focus

95. Now I Know my ABCs: U.S.-China Policy on AI, Big Data, and Cloud Computing

Author:: Wenhong Chen
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and Cloud Computing (ABC) have generated unprecedented opportunities and challenges for economic competitiveness, national security, and law and order, as well as the future of work. ABC policies and practices have become contentious issues in U.S.-China bilateral relations. Pundits see a U.S.-China AI race and are already debating which country will win. Kaifu Lee, the CEO of Sinovation Ventures, believes that China will exceed the United States in AI in about five years. Others argue that China will never catch up. This essay focuses on two issues: the comparative ABC strengths of the United States and China in data and research and development (R&D); and the emerging ABC policies and practices in the two nations. Empirical analysis suggests that the United States and China lead in different areas. Compared to China’s top-down, whole-of-government, national- strategy approach, the U.S. ABC policy has been less articulated but is evolving.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

96. U.S.-China Trilateral Aid Cooperation: Features, Prospects, and Recommendations

Author:: Dhenghua Zhang
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: The current trade war between China and the United States has drawn global attention to competition in U.S.-China relations. Such competition should not, however, obscure areas of mutual interest where cooperation is possible. Based on U.S.-China trilateral pilot projects, trilateral cooperation creates opportunities for aid officials and practitioners from China and the United States to communicate, but it would be ambitious to expect the limited number of pilot projects to shape Chinese aid practices or improve Chinese aid performances in the short term. These pilot projects are small in scale, and the level of coordination between China and the United States should be strengthened further. More effort by both sides is needed if trilateral aid cooperation is to sustain and even thrive. In this context, trilateral aid cooperation has the potential to become a modality in the middle, promoting mutual understanding and facilitating coordination.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

97. Joko Widodo’s Re-Election and Indonesia’s Domestically Anchored Foreign Policy

Author:: Dhenghua Zhang
Publication Date:: 08-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: On July 14, newly re-elected Indonesian incumbent President Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo delivered a speech on his visions for the second term, set to kick off in October 2019. The president’s speech did not touch upon foreign policy, a subject many have claimed to be his weakness. Expectedly, Jokowi focused his speech on infrastructure and economy — which reflects the administration’s main concerns since he first assumed presidential office in 2014. This does not mean, however, that Indonesia under Jokowi has been neglecting foreign affairs.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

98. Taoboa Villages: Rural E-Commerce and Low End Manufacturing in China

Author:: Fan Lulu
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: Taobao is the leading Chinese online shopping and e-commerce website, founded by the Alibaba Group. In 2018, there were 3,202 "Taobao villages" in 24 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of China. Taobao merchants sell clothing and other consumer items, mostly obtained from small local factories. Most Taobao manufacturing firms operate informally and do not necessarily adhere to basic labor and safety standards. The current lack of governance raises challenges for trade unions and government entities tasked with ensuring the rights and welfare of workers. If the negative aspects related to lack of oversight can be addressed, however, Taobao villages could provide a promising development model for rural and remote areas, not only in China but also in other countries of Asia.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

99. Australia's Approach to the South China Sea

Author:: Rebecca Strating
Publication Date:: 07-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: Over the past five years, Australia has expressed concern over China’s island building, militarization of land features, and excessive maritime claims in the South China Sea (SCS). Australia shares similar interests with the United States in upholding the maritime rules-based order, yet there are important divergences that reflect differing perspectives on geostrategic competition in the Indo-Pacific. While bipartisan support for the U.S. alliance remains strong, the importance of protecting trade relations with China has also shaped Canberra’s response to the SCS disputes.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

100. Belt and Road Initiative 2.0 Qualitatively Different

Author:: N Janardhan
Publication Date:: 01-2019
Content Type:: Special Report
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: Following five years of periodic controversies and criticism – some factual, others contrived – President Xi Jinping used the Belt and Road (BRI) Forum in April to set the agenda for the next five years of his hallmark project. At the forum’s second edition, meant to promote a “stronger partnership network,” the Chinese leader pledged to “clean up,” stressed “zero tolerance” to corruption, and emphasized readiness to adopt “internationally acceptable” standards in the bidding process of BRI projects in the future. This language indicates Beijing’s openness to constructive criticism and willingness to objectively tweak some inherent weaknesses in the strategy and implementation mechanisms for the BRI during the 2013-2018 period. It also sets the stage for the start of “BRI 2.0,” where the stress is likely to be on the qualitative, rather than just quantitative, attributes. The following are some analytical pointers on how BRI 2.0 is likely to be different from version 1.0, especially keeping in mind what Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi referred to as a “high-quality” shift from “big freehand” to “fine brushwork” in planning BRI’s future projects
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS