Content Type: Journal Article / Publication Year: within 25 Years

13651. The US-ROK Alliance: An American View

Author:: Patrick M. Morgan
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: The United States and the ROK have had a very close association for more than fifty years, but in recent years that relationship has experienced considerable stress and strain. Many analysts now express great concern about its future prospects In fact, it is getting more difficult to defend the continued existence of the alliance. The strains are manifest and multiple. The two governments have been living with them for some time, with neither willing to make the strenuous efforts required to either reverse the deterioration or abandon the alliance as incompatible with their contemporary security concerns and perspectives. So the alliance is limping along. As is the security situation on the Korean peninsula that the alliance has existed to deal with – it is limping along as well.
Political Geography:: America

13652. A Changing Paradigm of U.S.-East Asian Relations: Strategic and Economic Perspectives

Author:: Terence Roehrig
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: There is little doubt that portions of the strategic and economic paradigm in East Asia and for U.S.-East Asia relations have in general been changing in dramatic ways for the past ten to fifteen years. Several contributing factors are well known: China's economic rise along with the potential strategic and political role it is likely to play in the future; the possibility of a more assertive Japan that may revise its constitution in an effort to become a “normal” country; and South Korea, in possession of greater economic, military and political power accompanied by the confidence to be a more significant player in the region. Moreover, even the notion of “East Asia” may be less and less relevant as economic integration is no longer bound by old geographic delineations, particularly with the region's growing economic and political ties with Southeast Asia and India, ties that are breaking down some of these regional distinctions. Finally, the United States is facing a more confident and multipolar Asia that is organizing to play a greater role in controlling its future and increasingly will require a different approach than in the past.
Political Geography:: United States, India, East Asia, Asia, Angola, and Southeast Asia

13653. A Nuclear North Korea and Prospects for the Korean Economy: An International Business Perspective

Author:: Yoon-Shik Park
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: In October 2006, North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea or DPRK in short) tested a nuclear bomb based on plutonium, thus proclaiming it to be a full member of the select nuclear bomb club. Whether the test was a resounding success or not is still not fully resolved, and the status of North Korea's uranium enrichment program is yet to be admitted by the DPRK government. Faced with strong international condemnation and a movement towards punitive sanctions coordinated by the United Nations, DPRK reached an agreement at the six party talks on February 13, 2007, under which DPRK eventually agreed to abandon its nuclear programs in return for aid. The accord implements a deal reached in September 2005, but the talks had stalled until early 2007. Paradoxically, a nuclear North Korea may lead to successful denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and robust economic developments there. As the DPRK regime feels confident enough in security terms now that it is recognized as a nuclear club member, it can enter into a “big deal” with its main opposing powers, the United States, Japan and South Korea, for swapping its nuclear weapons program for an iron-clad security guarantee and massive economic assistance for the modernization of the DPRK economy.
Political Geography:: Japan, South Korea, and North Korea

13654. Preview of the 17th Presidential Election in Korea: Candidates, Issues and Cleavages

Author:: Kap Yun Lee
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: At present, all signs seem to point in the direction of a conservative victory in the 17th presidential elections that will be held on December 19, 2007.1 President Roh Moo-hyun's job approval rating has been lower than 30%, and often below 20%, for more than two years, and his UP (Uri Party) is supported by barely 10% of the public. The opposition GNP (Grand National Party) has become by far the most popular party, enjoying more than 40% of the popular support. The economy has been in doldrums since 2002, slowing down to an annual growth of 4%, after an average annual growth of 7% in the preceding decade. Business and consumer confidence in the market is declining, gaps between the rich and the poor are ever more increasing, and unemployment among young people is steadily on the rise. North Korea's Kim Jong-il did not help Roh either. Despite the sincere and continuous provision of economic aid to the North by the Roh government, North Korea responded only by demanding more unconditional aid without taking any reciprocal measures to contribute to the peace and prosperity of the peninsula. The nationalistic public mood soured, in particular after a nuclear test by the North in 2006, and the people no longer wholeheartedly support Roh's conciliatory policy.
Political Geography:: North Korea and Korea

13655. Leadership for Nation Building: the Case of Korean Presidents

Author:: Choong Nam Kim
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: South Korea (Korea hereafter) has represented one of the most successful cases in the history of nation building. The country, known as “an East Asian model of economic prosperity and political democracy,” emerged as a modern nation in a single generation and under the most trying circumstances—the legacy of colonial rule, national division, the Korean War and continual confrontation with the Communist North. Its success in nation building is extraordinary, not only in the history of this country, but also in comparison with other third world countries.
Political Geography:: East Asia, South Korea, and Korea

13656. A Nuclear Armed Korea as a Factor in Sino-American Relations

Author:: Elizabeth Van Vie Davis
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: Few things have changed China's foreign policy toward the United States more subtly than the issue of a nuclear Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea. The catalysts of these events were, on the one hand, the July 5, 2006, long-range missile test and the October 9, 2006, nuclear weapon test. On the other hand, the Six Party Talks that had been designed perhaps to prevent these very events have also been a catalyst to changes in US-China relations. In part these changes in Chinese foreign policy toward the US are because of changes within China itself. Partly these changes in Chinese foreign policy toward the US reflect China's changing role in the international system. And partly they are in response to US policy toward China. The nexus of these three elements has been a more respectful and open relationship between the two powers, but one still fraught with nuances and complexities.
Political Geography:: United States, China, America, and Korea

13657. The Origins of Chancellor Democracy and the Transformation of the German Democratic Paradigm

Author:: Hans Mommsen
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: The main focus of the articles presented in this special issue is the international dimension of post World War II German politics and the specific role filled by the first West German chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. Adenauer's main goal was the integration of the emerging West German state into the West European community, while the reunification of Germany was postponed. In his view, any restoration of the former German Reich depended upon the creation of a stable democratic order in West Germany. Undoubtedly, Adenauer contributed in many respects to the unexpectedly rapid rise of West Germany towards a stable parliamentary democratic system—even if most of the credit must go to the Western Allies who had introduced democratic structures first on the state level, and later on paved the way to the establishment of the Federal Republic with the fusion of the Western zones and the installment of the Economic Council in 1948.
Political Geography:: Europe and Germany

13658. "No more Potsdam!": Konrad Adenauer's Nightmare and the Basis of his International Orientation

Author:: Jost Dülffer
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: The years of Adenauer's chancellorship 1949-1963 were an extremely violent and anxiety laden period in recent history. Adenauer himself tried to combine as basic aims Western integration and German unification, but the latter more and more became a matter of lip-service for the time being for domestic reasons. The article focused on his Potsdam complex which meant the fear that the Western allies and the Soviet Union might find a solution of the German question without unification or in a kind of neutralism. In the course of the 1950ies and especially during the Berlin Wall crisis 1958-1962, Adenauer's course became more and more isolated because he tried to prevent all talks on relaxation of tensions, but also on the German question: both might lead to a status minor and the FRG especially. The author demonstrates how this process of isolation in the domestic as well as in the international field diminished the authority of the first chancellor of the FRG. He nevertheless continued to adhere to the necessary dichotomy of the Cold War camps with being able to formulate a diverging line. It is suggested that these questions of alternatives to the Cold War, given the mutual anxiety of the two camps should be used as a starting point for further research.
Topic:: Cold War
Political Geography:: Germany

13659. Western Integration vs. Reunification? Analyzing the Polls of the 1950s

Author:: Anja Kruke
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: From the beginning of the West German state, a lot of public opinion polling was done on the German question. The findings have been scrutinized carefully from the 1950s onward, but polls have always been taken at face value, as a mirror of society. In this analysis, polls are treated rather as an observation technique of empirical social research that composes a certain image of society and its public opinion. The entanglement of domestic and international politics is analyzed with respect to the use of surveys that were done around the two topics of Western integration and reunification that pinpoint the “functional entanglement” of domestic and international politics. The net of polling questions spun around these two terms constituted a complex setting for political actors. During the 1950s, surveys probed and ranked the fears and anxieties that characterized West Germans and helped to construct a certain kind of atmosphere that can be described as “Cold War angst.” These findings were taken as the basis for dealing with the dilemma of Germany caught between reunification and Western integration. The data and interpretations were converted into “security” as the overarching frame for international and domestic politics by the conservative government that lasted until the early 1960s.
Topic:: Security, Cold War, and Government
Political Geography:: Germany and West Germany

13660. The “Social Market Economy” and its Impact on German European Policy in the Adenauer Era, 1949-1963

Author:: Guido Thiemeyer
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: This article focuses on the economic aspects of German European policy in the 1950s and raises the question whether the economic system of the Federal Republic of Germany, “Soziale Marktwirtschaft” had any impact on the European policy of the West German state. It argues that Social Market Economy as defined by Ludwig Erhard influenced German European policy in certain aspects, but there was a latent contradiction between the political approach of Konrad Adenauer and this economic concept. Moreover, this article shows that West German European policy was not always as supportive for European unity as it is often considered.
Topic:: Foreign Policy and Economics
Political Geography:: Africa, Europe, and Germany

13661. Adenauer, Erhard, and the Uses of Prosperity

Author:: William Glenn Gray
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: This essay explores the relationship between West Germany's “economic miracle” and the goal of reunification in the early postwar decades. It argues that Konrad Adenauer was reluctant to mobilize economic resources on behalf of German unity—instead he sought to win trust by proclaiming unswerving loyalty to the West. Ludwig Erhard, by contrast, made an overt attempt to exchange financial incentives for political concessions—to no avail. Both of these chancellors failed to appreciate how West Germany's increasing prosperity undermined its diplomatic position, at least in the near term, given the jealousies and misgivings it generated in Western capitals and in Moscow. Only a gradual process of normalization would allow all four of the relevant powers—France, Britain, the United States, and the USSR—to develop sufficient trust in the economically dynamic Federal Republic to facilitate the country's eventual unification.
Political Geography:: Britain, Russia, United States, France, and Germany

13662. Translating Economics into Politics in Cold War Germany

Author:: James C. Van Hook
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: Economics and economic history have a fundamental role to play in our understanding of Cold War Germany. Yet, it is still difficult to establish concrete links between economic phenomena and the most important questions facing post 1945 historians. Obviously, one may evaluate West Germany's “economic miracle,” the success of western European integration, or the end of communism in 1989 from a purely economic point of view. To achieve a deeper understanding of Cold War Germany, however, one must evaluate whether the social market economy represented an adequate response to Nazism, if memory and perspective provided the decisive impulse for European integration, or if the Cold War ended in Europe because of changes in western nuclear strategy. Economic history operates in relation to politics, culture, and historical memory. The parameters for economic action are often as determined by the given political culture of the moment, as they are by the feasibility of alternative economic philosophies.
Topic:: Cold War, Economics, and Politics
Political Geography:: Europe, Germany, and West Germany

13663. Facing an “Emotional Crunch”: State Visits as Political Performances During the Cold War

Author:: Simone Derix
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: This article argues that state visits are highly symbolic political performances by analyzing state visits to Berlin in the 1950s and 1960s. The article concentrates on how state visits blended in the Cold War's culture of suspicion and political avowal. Special emphasis is placed on the role of mass media and on the guests' reactions and behavior. State visits to Berlin illuminate the heavy performative and emotional burden placed on all participants. Being aware of the possibilities for self-presentation offered by state visits, West German officials incorporated state visitors into their symbolic battle for reunification. A visit to Berlin with extensive media coverage was, therefore, of prime importance for the German hosts. Despite their sophisticated visualization strategies, total control of events was impossible. Some visitors did not want to play their allotted role and avoided certain sites in Berlin, refused to be accompanied by journalists or cancelled their trips altogether.
Topic:: Cold War
Political Geography:: Berlin and West Germany

13664. On the Road to a German “Postnationalism”? Athletic Competition between the Two German States in the Era of Konrad Adenauer

Author:: Martin H. Geyer
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: Sports have always been used to promote the nation state and the invention of national traditions with national symbols such as flags and national hymns playing an important role. This article looks at the peculiar situation of the post-war period when two Germanys established themselves also in the field of sports, yet cooperated in some athletic disciplines, and, most important of all, at the Olympic Games until 1968. This raised a great number of delicate political questions, particularly the politics of the nonrecognition of the GDR which strove hard to establish itself internationally by way of the international sports movement. Konrad Adenauer and the German Sports Organization clashed on this issue which brought to the fore the question of a German and an emerging West-German identity. In order to describe this negotiation of the nation state in the realm of sports, this article tries to make fruitful use of the term postnationalism in order to understand the ambiguities of identity of Germans towards their nation state. It also takes a brief look at the Olympic Games of 1972, which epitomizes more than anything else the peculiar postnationalism of the Federal Republic.
Topic:: Politics and War
Political Geography:: Germany

13665. Representation without Emulation: German Cultural Diplomacy in Search of Integration and Self-Assurance during the Adenauer Era

Author:: Johannes Paulmann
Publication Date:: 06-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: The article investigates an essential characteristic of the Federal Republic of Germany's search for self-assurance in foreign cultural representations after World War II. A normative behavioral pattern, described here as an “attitude of restraint,” emerged during the Adenauer era, resulting in representations without emulation. The article focuses on German participation in world fairs—an example that reveals the multi-layered mechanisms linking diplomacy with culture, political attitudes with individual experiences and memories, and foreign relations with social conditions. The formation of an attitude of restraint constituted part of the long-term process of West German self-education and shaped cultural identities in the Federal Republic. The self-assurance re-found during the Adenauer era is placed in the context of political debates about the break with the Nazi past, defense against communist East Germany, and the selective turn toward an international modernity. Furthermore, the article offers an explanation regarding the diffusion of certain behavioral norms through everyday experience and practice.
Topic:: Politics and Culture
Political Geography:: Germany

13666. Don't Think Twice, It's Alright: SPD-Left Party/PDS Coalitions in the Eastern German Länder

Author:: Jonathan Olsen and Dan Hough
Publication Date:: 08-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: During the run-up to the 1998 federal election, there was intense speculation on how—should it be elected—Germany's first ever redgreen national administration would fare. Once the votes had been cast and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Greens had indeed come out on top, some argued that the experiences of red-green coalitions at the Land-level could be useful in mapping out both prospective and likely success stories for a red-green coalition at the federal level. Taking to heart Lawrence Dodd's famous proposition that “provincial or state parliaments could provide an experimental setting in which party coalitions could be attempted … with the intermediate provincial experience making national-level coalitions more possible than they would be without the provincial experience,” political scientists and journalists alike attempted to delineate the elements of successful and unsuccessful red-green coalitions at the Land level in order to understand more about the formation and maintenance of this first national SPD-Green government. One of the most well known of these subsequent attempts is Charles Lees's book The Red-Green Coalition in Germany. Lees outlines a red-green “model” of government based on the experiences of red-green coalitions at the Land level, attempting to illustrate how the formation of red-green at the federal level followed the same basic pattern.
Political Geography:: Germany

13667. "The Whole World Is In Uproar": Discourses of Fear, Instability, and Global Change in West German Media, 1977-1980

Author:: Maria Stehle
Publication Date:: 08-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: After presenting a brief summary of the events leading up to the German Autumn, this article offers a close analysis of media responses in major German newspapers and magazines in the months following these violent and confusing political developments. It compares these responses to reports in January 1980, where the events of the late 1970s serve as a catalyst for fears of global change. Media articulate these fears about the stability and identity of the West German nation state in increasingly vague and generalized terms and relate them to a global situation that is “out of control.” The discussions in this article suggest that these expressed fears reveal tensions, interruptions, and gaps in the conservative fantasy of the secure and prosperous Western nation state.
Topic:: Development
Political Geography:: Germany

13668. British-German Relations and Collective Memory

Author:: Ruth Wittlinger
Publication Date:: 08-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: British-German relations have undergone a considerable transformation since 1945 with both countries having to adapt to significant changes in their own status, as well as a very different international environment. Germany's status as a morally and militarily defeated and occupied power in 1945 is in stark contrast to the confident role it is playing at the beginning of the new millennium when—sixty years after the end of World War II—the German chancellor for the first time took part in the VE-Day celebrations of the victors. This article analyzes recent dynamics of collective memory in both countries and examine if and to what extent their collective memories play a role in British-German relations.
Political Geography:: Germany

13669. Spying on Terrorists: Germany in Comparative Perspective

Author:: A. James McAdams
Publication Date:: 08-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: Intelligence and law enforcement agencies in western democracies are turning increasingly to electronic surveillance tools in their efforts to identify and combat new terrorist threats. But this does not mean that they are equally equipped to undertake these measures. As the author shows by comparing surveillance activities in three countries—Great Britain, the United States, and Germany—the Federal Republic's more restrictive legal norms and institutions provide its government with much less freedom of maneuver than its allies.
Topic:: Government, Intelligence, and Law
Political Geography:: Britain, United States, and Germany

13670. Germany's Involvement in Extraordinary Renditions and Its Responsibility under International Law

Author:: Laura Tate Kagel
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: As investigative journalists and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) increasingly uncover the nature and scope of a U.S. government program known for transferring terrorist suspects outside of normal legal and administrative channels, the role of European states has come under scrutiny. To a large degree, these states have erected a “wall of fog,” as a report from the German Institute of Human Rights describes it, blocking access to information that would allow for independent assessments of the human rights implications of the counterterrorism practice known as “extraordinary rendition.”
Topic:: International Law and Terrorism
Political Geography:: United States, Europe, Germany, and Egypt

13671. Entertaining Auteurism: Popular Filmmakers Think About Germany

Author:: Margaret McCarthy
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: German popular filmmakers who participated in the Denk ich an Deutschland series brought a range of conflicting impulses to their meditations on Germany, including the universalizing tendencies of popular culture, together with the personal and political strains often present in documentary films. With varying degrees of success, each director agitates national identity via an idiosyncratic selfhood, a process which in turn expands our notions of Germany beyond generic convention. The best of the five films discussed in this essay—directed by Doris Dörrie, Fatih Akin, Katja von Garnier, Sherry Hormann, and Klaus Lemke—feature their creators' struggle to box themselves out of a larger collective identity. By modeling their own existential Bildung, they chip away at an otherwise implacable German identity and provide a psychic service for Germans potentially more salutary than the way Hollywood films sustain American identity.
Topic:: Civil Society and Arts
Political Geography:: Germany

13672. The Denk ich an Deutschland Films of the Two Andreases from the East: Kleinert's Bewildering Berlin and Dresen's Stagnating Uckermark

Author:: Margit Sinka
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: German Politics and Society
Institution:: German Politics and Society Journal
Abstract:: Launched in 1998 on the eve of the eighth Day of German Unity, the Denk ich an Deutschland television film series was intended to reframe discourses on national identity formation in a positive light through documentaries focused on the present rather than on the dark German past. While Andreas Kleinert's Niemandsland (No Man's Land, 1998) and Andreas Dresen's Herr Wichmann von der CDU (Vote for Henryk!, 2003), the first and last films televised, do center on the present, they highlight dissonances between personal and national concerns. Still, Kleinert deconstructs the dissonances and artificial syntheses he himself invents in order to reveal them as constructs to be reconfigured by viewers. By showing the inability of politicians to bridge the gap between personal and national concerns due to the erosion of their private identities, Dresen also appeals to viewers to initiate needed societal changes themselves.
Topic:: Civil Society, Nationalism, and Arts
Political Geography:: Germany and Berlin

13673. 'Level of Analysis' and 'Unit of Analysis': A Case for Distinction

Author:: Nuri Yurdusev
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This paper takes the view that the 'level of analysis' problem, first posed by J.D. Singer (1961), has not been discussed to the extent that it deserves in the literature of International Relations. The Concepts of the 'level of analysis' and the 'unit of analysis' have widely been used interchangeably. The author attempts to make a distinction between the 'level of anlaysis' and the 'unit of analysis', arguing that the 'level of anlaysis' in an issue of how to study (methodology and context) and the 'unit of analysis' is one of what to study (actor and object). It is suggested that, although a distiction is possible and necessary between those issues, thay cannot completely be separated. They are actually linked to each other through the idea of the whole.
Topic:: International Relations

13674. Integration without Membership? The Legal Legitimacy of Turkish EU Accession and Alternatives to Full Membership

Author:: Cemal Karakas
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: With the beginning of negotiations, Turkey has, froom the legal perspective according Article 49 EUV, the right to join the EU, but the EU does not have the obligation to take Turkey in. The European Council's Turkey resolution at its December 2004 Summit foresees a guarantee clause: If accesion of Turkey is not accomplished, yet both sides still have an interest in deeper cooperation and integration, then "it must be ensured that the candidate state concerned is fully anchored in the European structures through the strongest possible bond". The key question is which model would then work best for Turkey: supranational integration (accession) or intergovernmental cooperation (Privileged Partnership, Extenden Associated Membership, European Economic Area Plus). The model of Gradual Integration shows a new, a third way of integration this model proposes a new dynamic method of intergovernmental integration, including decisiom-making rights for Turkey, from which a new sui generis form of membership could result.
Topic:: Economics
Political Geography:: Europe and Turkey

13675. The European Union and Resolution of Regional Conflicts

Author:: Bahar Rumelili
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This study argues that the forms of identity relations that the European Union (EU) establishes with outsider states shapes the Union's ability to postively influence conflicts involving those states. The European identitiy promoted by the EU embodies both inclusive and explosive aspects. While the EU has invoked the inclusive aspects of its identity in relation to the states in Central and Eastern Europe, it has constructed Morocco to be inherently different, and fluctuated between inclusion and exclusion in the case of Turkey. These various identity relations have shaped the EU's impact on Polish-German, Spanish-Moroccan, and Greek-Turkish relations show how an inclusive EU can contribute to the resolution of conflicts on its borders, the cases of Spanish-Moroccan and pre-1999 Greek-Turkish relations demonstrate how an exclusionary EU can end up aggravating the conflicts.
Topic:: International Relations
Political Geography:: Europe and Turkey

13676. The Internet in the Arab World: Playground for Political Liberalization

Author:: Albrecht Hofheinz
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This article analyses the usage of internet in the Arab World. The level of internet usage, for what reasons and who are using it and how much the internet has been influential on the changes in the traditional Arab societies are the main points of the article. Internet in Arab countries are mostly used by young people, upper-middle and high classes, and women. In addition to search engines, e-mail, music and software downloading, the discussion boards are very popular in Arab societies. In these platforms, intense discussions take place about the taboo issues such as politics, religion and relations between sexes. These discussions, while contributing to the emergence of new understandings especially on individual level, also highlight the importance of individual's right of election. The Blogs, becoming as popular as the discussion forums, are also apparent indications of forming private and awareness of personal right of election.
Topic:: Politics
Political Geography:: Arabia

13677. Downloading Democracy? Potential and Limitations of the Internet for Advancing Citizens' Rights in Latin America

Author:: Bert Hoffmann
Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This paper analyses the use of internet in Latin America, how it is perceived and by which means it was allowed for public access. Internet is perceived as threatening by the socialist regimes of Latin America. Latin American countries which cannot resist improvements in means of communications with the developments in media technologies, have been spreading the access to internet within limited democratization. However, states maintain their control over internet by following different ways. The ones escaping from the established filters, like Zapatistas, call attention to potential of the internet as much as they made their voices heard.
Topic:: Communications
Political Geography:: Latin America

13678. Discussions on Identity and Multiculturalism from Modernity to Post-Modernity

Author:: M. Zeki Duman
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This study considers how and why national identities emerge over against monopolistic policies of global hegemony. It will also analyse the epistemic and ontological presuppositions of the modern and post-modern approaches which are intended to overcome identity crises. Various dimensions and dangers of multicultural policies, which are offered as prescriptions by postmodernists for solving the problems of cultural conflict, will also be analysed. Nation-state models, as political forms of modernity, attempted to create a homogeneous national consciousness by dissolving sub-identities within a strong national identity. Postmodern rhetoric, using the same strategy, utilized ideological mystification. This resulted in the fragmentation of strong national identity and the destruction of social order and integration due to an exaggerated emphasis on a particular ego and cultural identity.

13679. A Friendlier Schengen Visa System as a Tool of 'Soft Power': The Experience of Turkey

Author:: Kemal Kirisci
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: In this paper, it is argued that Turkey's geographical location, accompanied by the extensive commercial, cultural and social relations that have developed since the end of the Cold War between Turkey and its immediate neighbourhood, provides an opportunity for the EU to consider formulating a more flexible Schengen visa policy that can also be in harmony with efforts to develop the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Such a policy can also ease the economic and political costs of Turkey's integration into the EU. This need not necessarily lead to compromising security and border control. The advocates of Turkish membership often stress the potential of Turkey in assisting a process of bridge building between Europe and the world beyond Europe. A modified and better calibrated Turkish visa regime and a Schengen visa system that is able to adjust itself to the lessons of the Turkish experience could become a pillar of that bridge building effort and hence of the ENP too.
Topic:: Cold War
Political Geography:: Europe and Turkey

13680. The Policies of Ankara and Berlin toward the Bosnian War: A Comparative Analysis

Author:: Birgül Demirtas-Coskun
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This study analyses the foreign policies of Turkey and Germany toward the Bosnian War, that took place between 1992-1995, in a comparative perspective. Both states had to face an identity crisis in the wake of the phasing out of the bipolar system. Whilst Turkey, all of a sudden, lost its former status within the Western Bloc, Germany could be reunified in a relatively short period of time. The war in Bosnia took place at the very time when an important discussion was continuing about the new position of these aforementioned countries. In view of traditional International Relations theories Turkey, on the one hand, was expected to focus on its internal problems; Germany, on the other hand, was foreseen to pursue an active foreign policy thanks to the new dynamism acquired by reunification. However, what happened in the case of Bosnia was, in fact, the reverse. The main argument of this study is that one of the main factors shaping the foreign policies of Ankara and Berlin toward Bosnia was the ultimate intention to maintain their former state identities in the new era.
Topic:: Foreign Policy and War
Political Geography:: Bosnia, Turkey, and Germany

13681. “Pour Aider Nos Frères d'Espagne”: Humanitarian Aid, French Women, and Popular Mobilization during the Front Populaire

Author:: Laurence Brown
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: The Spanish Civil War stirred an array of humanitarian relief campaigns in France that placed women in the front lines of popular mobilization. As communists, socialists, liberals, antifascists, feminists and pacifists, French women invoked the iconography and language of sexual difference to construct pro- Republican aid appeals as an expression of gendered social concern above party politics. Through exploring the female leaderships, organization, and popular participation in different relief campaigns, this article emphasizes the extent to which Spanish aid efforts were dominated by tensions within the Front Populaire.
Political Geography:: France

13682. Soixante ans après: pour un état des lieux de mémoire

Author:: Nathan Bracher
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: In reviewing various commemorations that highlighted the year 2005 in France, this article points out the major evolutions of memory visible primarily in the press and media coverage of these events. If public memory remains as highly charged and polemical as it was in the 1980s and 1990s, attention is clearly turning away from the Occupation and Vichy to focus more on Europe and on France's colonial past, as we see not only in the ceremonies celebrating the “liberation” of Auschwitz, the Allied victory over Nazi Germany, and the dedication of the Mémorial de la Shoah, but also in the many articles devoted to Russian and Eastern European experiences of the war, as well as to the bloody postwar repressions of colonial uprisings in Algeria and Madagascar. Now that racial and ethnic tensions are exacerbating an increasingly fragmented public memory, the work of history is more urgent than ever.
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, Eastern Europe, France, Germany, Algeria, and Madagascar

13683. France, une géographie à inventer: un nouveau contrat politique entre la société et son espace

Author:: Jacques Lévy
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: This article argues that the way French society comprehends its territory is not only an aspect of a more general identity crisis, but also an acting component of an overall political model. France can be characterized as a “state-fatigued” society. Centralism has had an important spatial consequence: an alliance of the nation-state and provincial “notables” against the city. The major cities, especially Paris, produce for the rest of the country but continue to be denied effective local and regional political power. In this context, the peculiar tradition of aménagement du territoire can be analyzed as a discourse based on the myth of a demiurge, the state, which would be the only legitimate actor able to restore France's grandeur by reconquering the deprived parts of its territory. Correlative public polices target moral compensation for a supposed injustice: a partial reimbursement of the debt France once contracted by incorporating the provinces into the national territory. After reviewing disappointing recent changes in the geographical architecture of political power, the article makes some proposals. They are based on the dual framework that an empowerment of relevant spatial units will be necessary and that only a profound and massive debate involving ordinary citizens can overcome the current institutional gridlock.
Political Geography:: France

13684. Full Issue - Volume 1, Issue 1

Publication Date:: 12-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: CTC Sentinel
Institution:: The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point
Abstract:: THE COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point is privileged to present the CTC Sentinel, a new monthly online journal devoted to understanding and confronting contemporary threats posed by terrorism, insurgency and other forms of political violence. The CTC Sentinel draws from the Center's network of scholars and practitioners dedicated to the study of terrorism and counter-terrorism to provide the most well-informed forum for the analysis of these most pressing security challenges facing the United States and its allies.
Topic:: Terrorism and War
Political Geography:: United States

13685. Asymmetric Response vs. the Strategic Defense Initiative

Author:: A. Kokoshin
Publication Date:: 09-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy and International Relations
Institution:: East View Information Services
Abstract:: The "asymmetric response" to the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), put forward by US President Ronald Reagan in 1983, was one of the most interesting examples of complex politico-military strategy (comprising diplomatic, political and propaganda activity, as well as concrete programs for the development of weapon systems and an appropriate scientific and technical base).
Political Geography:: United States

13686. A Different Type of Russian-U.S. Relations

Author:: Alexander Fomenko
Publication Date:: 09-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy and International Relations
Institution:: East View Information Services
Abstract:: The near half a century of the Cold War between the USSR and the U.S. and the subsequent 15 years of "NATO enlargement" created in the heads of both the Russians and the Americans a stereotype based on the perception of each other as almost natural geopolitical rivals, doomed to confrontation, if not by geography, then by history.
Political Geography:: Russia, United States, and America

13687. The Russian Flag on the North Pole

Author:: A. Kolodkin and S. Glandin
Publication Date:: 11-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy and International Relations
Institution:: East View Information Services
Abstract:: A Russian state flag has been placed on the Arctic Ocean floor. That is a truly landmark event. As part of the Arctic 2007 expedition, the Akademik Fyodorov research vessel made the first voyage to a high latitude part of the Arctic. On August 2, 2007, for the first time in history, a unique experiment was carried out: Two submersibles with daring explorers on board dived to a record depth of 4,261 meters. Over the course of almost two hours, they performed a preplanned research and exploration mission. One of the main goals of that unprecedented deed was to obtain a sample of seabed rock sediment that was to serve as conclusive evidence of the fact that the Lomonosov Ridge is an extension of the Siberian Continental Platform and therefore, the mineral deposits there belong to our state.
Political Geography:: Russia

13688. The World Economy in 2020

Author:: A. Dynkin
Publication Date:: 11-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy and International Relations
Institution:: East View Information Services
Abstract:: THE UNCERTAINTY of world development is growing. The classical systems of bipolarity, monocentrism, and center-periphery now belong to history of the 20 century. What will take their place? What will the world economic system look like 15 years from today? Finding answers to these pressing questions is the objective of a long-term world economy forecast made by the IMEMO (World Economy and International Relations Institute). The forecast has been prepared by more than 50 scholars of the institute.

13689. Civil Society-State Relations in Turkey in the Context of Political Culture: The Case of Trade Union

Author:: Armağan Öztürk
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Makale sendikal çözümleme üzerine daha çok altyapı ilişkilerine atıfta bulunan tarihsel-ekonomik perspektifi, toplumsal yapı ve siyasal kültüre değinen alternatif bir okumayla zenginleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Temel iddia Türkiye'de siyasi kültürün örgütlü toplumun gelişmesini yapısal özelikleri nedeniyle geciktirdiği yönünde olduğudur. Dayanışmacı, paternalist, popülist, elitist, cemaatçi, solidarist ve patrimonyal kültürel öğeler çatışma karşıtı bir eylem-söylem zemini yaratmaktadır. Bu zemin, seçkinci pratiğin kendini sivil toplum içinde yeniden üretmesine olanak sağlayan meşrulaştırıcı bir dizi politik enstrümanı mümkün kılar. Sendikalar da sağcı popülizmin ve cemaatçiliğin koşullanması altında patronajcı mantığı içselleştirmişlerdir. Kamusal imkânların patronajcı kullanımı hükümet ile sivil toplumu bir çıkar ağı sistemi ile birbirine bağlayan yozlaşmış siyaset örgütlenme biçimine yol açmıştır. Sendikaların araçsal siyasete tabi olması ya da sendikanın patronajcı bilince teslim olması olgusu örgüt özelinde temsil sorununu ve birçok noktada bu sorunu kesen bir sendikal demokrasi-sendikal bürokrasi karşıtlığını beraberinde getirmektedir.
Topic:: Trade
Political Geography:: Turkey and Latin America

13690. A Trajectory of Center-Periphery Relations in Turkish Politics and 27 May 1960 Coup

Author:: Serdar Gülener
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Amerikalı sosyolog Edward Shils tarafından ortaya konmuş olan ve Şerif Mardin tarafından Türk siyaseti'ne uyarlanan merkez-çevre ikiliğini açıklamak ve bu ikiliği 27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesi'nde kullanmaktır. Öncelikli olarak Edward Shils'in merkez ve çevre kavramları ile ne anlatmak istediğine değinilmiş, daha sonra, bu kavramlar ile Türk siyaseti'ne tarihsel bir bakış açısı sunan Şerif Mardin'in merkez ve çevre kavramları anlatılmıştır. Son olarak ise 27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesi'ne giden süreç, darbe ve bu darbenin bir ürünü olan 1961 Anayasası merkez-çevre ikiliği açısından değerlendirilmiştir.
Topic:: Politics and History
Political Geography:: Turkey

13691. Financial Crisis and Fiscal Policies in Globalization: A Latin America Experience

Author:: Ayça Şimşek
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Dünya ekonomisinde küreselleşme süreci ile birlikte hızla artan dışa açılma eğilimleri özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerin finansal piyasalarında önemli değişimlere yol açmıştır. Bu ülkelerde erken dışa açılma (finansal piyasaların gelişimini tamamlamadan dışsal aktörlere açılması) ve sığ piyasaların varlığı piyasaların dışsal şoklardan etkilenme derecesini arttırarak krizlerin oluşumunu tetiklemiştir. Latin Amerika ülkeleri bu özellikleri bünyesinde barındıran ve dolayısıyla krizlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenen ülkeler olmuşlardır. Bu ülkelerin finansal piyasalarında 1960'lı yıllardan itibaren küreselleşmenin hız kazanmasıyla birlikte krizler ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu krizler ile mücadelede özellikle IMF tarafından önerilen ortodoks ekonomi politikaları uygulanmış ve bu çerçevede sıkı para ve maliye politikası önlemleri ile finansal krizlerin piyasalar üzerindeki etkileri azaltılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak bu politikalar; uygulama sonuçları itibariyle kısa dönemde finansal piyasalarda kısmi bir iyileşme sağlamışsa da uzun dönemde ekonomide daraltıcı etkilere yol açarak reel ekonomideki durgunluk sürecini körüklemiştir. Dolayısıyla bu piyasalarda krizlerle mücadelede uygulanan para ve maliye politikalarının eşanlı yürütülmesi ve bu bağlamda makroekonomik politikaların birbiriyle tutarlılığı önem taşımaktadır. Bu açıdan Latin Amerika ülkelerinde reel piyasaları daraltmadan finansal risklerin azaltılmasını sağlayacak güvenilir ve istikrarlı bir ekonomi politikasının uygulanabilirliğinin sağlanması, sadece finansal istikrarın değil tüm makroekonomik istikrarın gerçekleştirilmesi için gerekli görülmektedir.
Topic:: Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Latin America

13692. Financial Liberalization in Turkey

Author:: Serpil Döm
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de finansal serbestleşme uygulamaları ve ekonomik büyümeye olan etkileri incelenmektedir. Yaygın görüşe göre finansal sistemin serbestleşmesi; yabancı portföy akımlarına sınırlamaların kalkması ve yabancı fon girişleri, ekonomik büyümenin motoru olarak kabul edilmektedir. Karşıt görüşe göre ise, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yabancı kaynaklı büyük fon hareketleri ve sistemden ani çıkışlar finansal krizlerin baş aktörleri olarak görülmektedir. Genel anlamda finansal serbestleşmenin faydaları ve olumsuz etkileri gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından; özelde ise, Türkiye açısından ele alınmaktadır.
Topic:: Trade Liberalization
Political Geography:: Turkey

13693. Market Orientation Control in Public Administration

Author:: Hamza Al
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Son yıllarda kamu yönetiminde parçalı fakat kendi içersinde tutarlı birtakım değişimler meydana gelmektedir. Dikkat çeken en önemli değişimlerden birisi kamu kesimi ile piyasa arasındaki ilişkidir. Geleneksel yaklaşımdan farklı olarak yeni yaklaşım, piyasa değerlerinden beslenmektedir. Bununla ilişkili diğer bir gelişme de, yönetimde süreçlerden çok sonuçlara odaklanılmasıdır. Kamu kesimi yönetiminin piyasa tutkusu ve sonuçlara odaklanması, yönetim anlayışı gibi denetim anlayışını da etkilemektedir. Artık denetimin de piyasa değerleriyle performans kriterleriyle yapılması zorunlu hale gelmektedir.
Topic:: Markets
Political Geography:: Turkey

13694. Book Review: The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and AK Party

Author:: Ali Balcı
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Çalışma, “bölgesel, sosyal ve dini kültürel temelleri bakımından yeni bir Türk elitinin ortaya çıktığı” [15] tespitinden hareketle Türkiye'yi analiz etmeye girişmektedir. Editör M. Hakan Yavuz'a göre, bu yeni elit 1980'li yıllardan itibaren yaşanan gelişmelerin ortaya çıkardığı bir olgu olduğu için, AK Parti “Türkiye'de yaşanan sessiz devrimin bir nedeni değil aksine soncudur.” [1] Bu yeni [İslamcı] elitle birlikte, hem-Oryantalistlerin iddia ettiği gibiİslam, demokrasi ve kapitalizm arasında bir gerilim olmadığı görülmüş, hem de öteden beri Türk toplumuna hâkim olan devletin yarı kutsal anlamı değişime uğramış ve insanların devlete değil devletin insanlara hizmet etmesi gerektiği anlayışı yaygınlaşmıştır [4]. Nihayetinde bu bakış açılarının AK Parti'de bir yansıma bulmuş olması da bir tesadüf olarak görülemez. Kısacası, Türkiye AK Parti ile somutlaştığı üzere “muhafazakâr” ve “normatif” bir devrim [7] geçirmiş ve tam da bu nedenle bugünkü Türkiye için “yeni” sıfatı [15] bir gereklilik olmuştur.
Topic:: Book Review
Political Geography:: Turkey

13695. Russia and the EU Ten Years On: A Relationship in Search of Definition

Author:: Maurizio Massari
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The International Spectator
Institution:: Istituto Affari Internazionali
Abstract:: Almost ten years have passed since the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) between Russia and the EU entered into force. The PCA, signed on June 1994, went into effect in December 1997 and will expire on 30 November 2007. Brussels and Moscow are now expected to take stock of what has been achieved in their relationship and agree on whether and how to update the PCA. While there has been significant progress in several areas of technical cooperation, the relationship has suffered from too many political ups and downs and a growing and mutual distrust. The failure at the 24 November 2006 Summit to agree on the launching of negotiations for a new comprehensive agreement – even though this was mostly due to a Polish veto – is however indicative of the patchy character of the EU-Russia relationship.
Political Geography:: Russia, Moscow, and Brussels

13696. Small is Feasible: Pondering the Future of EU-Russian Relations

Author:: Fabrizio Tassinari and Marius Vahl
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The International Spectator
Institution:: Istituto Affari Internazionali
Abstract:: The European Union and Russia are preparing to negotiate a new comprehensive agreement at a time when their bilateral relations have become increasingly prickly. On the one hand, Vladimir Putin's Russia is perceived as having gone undesirably far in reverting to a semi-authoritarian state and in exerting economic and political pressures on some pro-Western, former Soviet states. On the other hand, the EU's Russia policy remains ambivalent because of the continuing deference towards Moscow of a number of large European countries and the confrontational posture of some new EU member states. Other factors add to this deteriorating state of affairs. For one, there are a number of legal complications coming from the shape and scope of the new agreement. Perhaps more importantly, there are several political uncertainties, first and foremost the definition of those "common values" upon which the new treaty should be based. To get out of this quandary, the two sides will have to scale down their ambitions on the new agreement. A mutually acceptable formula might imply the negotiation of a concise "framework" treaty, accompanied in due time by sector-specific agreements.
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Soviet Union

13697. The Turn to Statism in Russian Economic Policy

Author:: Philip Hanson
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The International Spectator
Institution:: Istituto Affari Internazionali
Abstract:: Since 2003, state control in the Russian economy has increased significantly. This has affected mainly but not only the oil industry. This policy development gives some grounds for concern about Russia's long-run growth. Its origins lie in power struggles within the political elite, in efforts by members of that elite to enrich themselves and in a profound distrust on the part of that elite of any sources of power that they do not themselves control. One result is that business confidence has been dented, the growth of oil output has slowed, and future GDP growth depends more heavily than before on further growth in oil prices.
Topic:: Economics and Oil
Political Geography:: Russia

13698. Return to Heartland: Russia's Policy in Central Asia

Author:: Anna Matveeva
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The International Spectator
Institution:: Istituto Affari Internazionali
Abstract:: Reversing the retreat of the Yeltsin era, Russia has returned to Central Asia proactively. Its presence is increasingly felt in the traditional - that is, security - field and in new fields of engagement, such as strategically-placed investment or construction of regionalism. The cultural and "civilisational" role has also gained more prominence. Moscow's policy reflects pragmatic opportunism, aimed at getting the utmost benefits for Russia from a region in which it holds many assets rather than at a revival of the former empire. There are limits however as to how far its engagement can go due to constraints posed by Central Asian realities and Russian domestic developments. So far, the advance has been greatly facilitated by the West's retreat, giving rise to perceptions of an unfolding "great game", while in reality a record of both competition and cooperation between Russia, China and the West is a normal state of affairs. Although Central Asian elites find it easier to deal with Moscow in the current political climate, they view its assertive role with caution and may turn to a rival suitor should the price for the relationship with Russia become too high.
Political Geography:: Russia, China, and Central Asia

13699. The German Presidency and the EU's Constitutional Malaise

Author:: Andreas Maurer and Daniela Schwarzer
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The International Spectator
Institution:: Istituto Affari Internazionali
Abstract:: The "pause for thought" decreed by the heads of state and government for themselves and their citizens after the voters in France and the Netherlands rejected the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe has been extended for at least another year. By the end of 2008, decisions will have to be taken on how to continue the reform process, yet a concrete strategy for implementing the Constitutional Treaty or an alternative treaty still appears out of reach. Before even beginning to agree on how to move forward, all 27 European Union member states will have to state clearly what goals they are pursuing in the process of institutional reform (a process which all sides agree is necessary) and what steps they believe are required for achieving these goals. In this context, clear statements on the importance of the Treaty and its fate are needed. Consensus on these issues among all 27 member states is unlikely to be achieved. In order to foster a constructive discussion, the German EU Presidency could move member states to agree on shared criteria for assessing the reform proposals that are on the table, and on the options for resolving the constitutional crisis.
Political Geography:: Europe, France, Germany, and Netherlands

13700. An EU Outlook on the Future of the Kyoto Protocol

Author:: Thomas Legge
Publication Date:: 03-2007
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The International Spectator
Institution:: Istituto Affari Internazionali
Abstract:: The European Union has low expectations for the international climate regime after 2012, when the Kyoto Protocol effectively expires. The United States is not thought likely to sign up to new binding international commitments, whereas EU countries have experienced unexpected difficulties in implementing existing commitments. As a consequence, the European Union may be prepared to settle for a surprisingly weak follow-up to the Kyoto Protocol. At the same time, the European Union will pursue bilateral and regional climate agreements with like-minded countries, parallel to the UN framework and possibly independently of it. Collectively, such agreements could produce an international climate regime that is more robust than what could be agreed at the consensus-based UN level. Nevertheless, the European Union will continue to support the UN process as the only legitimate forum for international negotiations on climate change.
Topic:: United Nations
Political Geography:: United States and Europe

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS