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742. German Foreign Policy After the Unification: Last Steps of "Normalization"
- Author:
- Kemal İnat
- Publication Date:
- 09-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bilgi
- Institution:
- Sakarya University (SAU)
- Abstract:
- Almanya‟nın dünyanın en büyük ekonomik güçlerinden biri olması bu ülkenin dış politikasının yönünü dünya açısından önemli kılmaktadır. Bu ülkenin geçmişte gücünü yayılmacı politika yönünde kullanma konusunda sabıkalı bir geçmişe sahip olması bu önemi daha da artırmaktadır. Bu makalede 1990 yılındaki birleşme sonrasında kendisini sınırlayan son bağlardan da kurtulan Almanya‟nın yeniden eski güç politikasına (Machtpolitik) dönüp dönmeyeceği konusundaki tartışmalar ele alınmıştır.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy
- Political Geography:
- Turkey and Germany
743. Interdependence and Diversification: A New Framework for Turkish Foreign Policy
- Author:
- Muhittin Ataman
- Publication Date:
- 09-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bilgi
- Institution:
- Sakarya University (SAU)
- Abstract:
- This study elaborates change in Turkish foreign policy since the end of the Cold War. This change was explained with interdependence and diversification concepts. Four main factors play a significant role in change of Turkish foreign policy orientation. After a brief introduction, these four factors (historical heritage and cultural factors, geographical location, politi-cal preferences, economic needs) were analyzed. In the second section of the study, interdependence and diversification in Turkish foreign policy are ana-lyzed based on these factors. Due to economic needs and political prefe-rences, Turkey entered into an integration process with the West. As a result of historical and cultural factors, it has been pursuing an active policy to-wards the Muslim world. Similarly, it initiated cooperation in many issue areas with the Turkic world due to strong ethnic and cultural connections. Finally, it developed close relations with regional countries due to historical heritage and geographical connections.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
744. Turkey-Kuwait Relations: Cooperation or Conflict?
- Author:
- Veysel Ayhan
- Publication Date:
- 09-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bilgi
- Institution:
- Sakarya University (SAU)
- Abstract:
- Kuveyt'in Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dönemindeki idari statüsü ve sınırları Irak-Kuveyt ilişkilerinde sürekli sorun olarak gündeme gelmiştir. Irak'ın kurulduğu günden itibaren üzerinde hak iddia ettiği ve 1990 Ağustosunda da işgal ettiği Kuveyt'in bir Irak toprağı olduğu sorunsalı Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde ilk önce Kuveyt ve ardından da Irak işgaline giden sürecin nedenini oluşturmaktadır. 1990 öncesi dönemde Türkiye, Irak ve Kuveyt arasındaki tarihsel hak iddialarına doğrudan müdahil olmak istememiştir. Ancak Irak'ın Kuveyt'i işgal girişimi Kuveyt politikasında bir kırılma yaratmış ve Türkiye, Kuveyt'in bağımsızlığının korunmasında doğrudan taraf olmuştur. Cumhurbaşkanı Özal'ın işgal karşıtı politikaları, Türkiye-Kuveyt ilişkilerinin olumsuz tarihsel önyargıların etkisinden kurtulmasına yol açmıştır. Ancak, Irak işgali sonrası ortaya çıkan yeni koşullar Türkiye ile Kuveyt arasında çatışan çıkarlar ve yeni işbirliği olanakları ortaya çıkarmıştır. İşgale destek veren Kuveyt'in temel dış politika önceliği Irak'ın tehdit unsuru olmaktan çıkartılmasıdır. Dolayısıyla Kuveyt, Irak'ın etnik ve mezhep temelinde federe devletlere bölünmesinden, Iraklı Kürtlerin siyasal ve askeri olarak Bağdat'ı kontrol etmesine kadar birçok alternatifi gündemde tutmaktadır. Türkiye ise Irak'ın bağımsızlığının, siyasi birliğinin ve toprak bütünlüğünün korunması taraftarıdır. Kuveyt'in kısa ve uzun dönemli Irak politikalarının Türkiye-Kuveyt ilişkilerine etkisini analiz etmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışma aynı zamanda tarihsel geri planı göz ardı etmeden Türkiye-Kuveyt ilişkilerinin geleceğine dönük bir projeksiyon sunmayı da hedeflemektedir.
- Topic:
- International Relations
- Political Geography:
- Turkey and Kuwait
745. The Global Knowledge Economy And Strategic Activism: International Trends And The Turkish Experience
- Author:
- Sadık Ünay
- Publication Date:
- 09-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bilgi
- Institution:
- Sakarya University (SAU)
- Abstract:
- Küreselleşme yazınında ulus devletin sosyoekonomik kalkınma ve sınaî-teknolojik dönüşüm süreçlerinde oynayabileceği rol üzerinde yapılan temel tartışmalardan yola çıkılan bu çalışmada DTÖ rejimi bağlamında küresel yönetişim mimarisinin kamusal stratejik aktivizm girişimlerine etkisi incelenmiştir. “Bilgi ekonomisi” ya da yeni ekonominin başlıca sektörleri bağlamında OECD hükümetlerinin sanayi-teknoloji yönetişimi, risk sermayesi sağlanması, kamu alımları ve proje takipçiliği ile stratejik ihracat politikaları aracılığıyla ulusal girişimcilerini destekleyebilmek adına attıkları adımlara dikkat çekilmiştir. İncelenen tekno-ticaret politikalarının küreselleşme yazınında neoliberal eğilimli yazarlarca vurgulanan “marjinalleşme” süreçlerinden ziyade ulusal otoritelerin belli politika önceliklerine yoğunlaşarak daha dar kapsamlı, seçici, rafine ve sonuç alıcı müdahale formlarını tercih ettikleri vurgulanmıştır. Ardından gelişmekte olan ülkelerin bilgi ekonomisine geçiş noktasında tecrübe ettikleri sıkıntılara dikkat çekilmiş ve bu ülkelerin çok daha proaktif girişimlere ihtiyaçları olduğuna işaret edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye gibi belli bir sanayi-teknoloji altyapısına sahip gelişmekte olan ülkeler için “stratejik-aktif devlet” kavramsallaştırması geliştirilerek ekonomik diplomasi, geleneksel uluslararası ilişkiler, yerel eksenli sosyoekonomik kalkınma politikaları ve tekno-ticaret politikaları merkezinde stratejik aktivizme odaklanacak böyle bir siyasi tipolojinin taşıması gereken özellikler ortaya konulmuştur.
- Topic:
- Global Political Economy
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
746. Turkeys Eu Membership in the Eyes of French Decision Makers and Public Opinion
- Author:
- Mehmet Dalar
- Publication Date:
- 09-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bilgi
- Institution:
- Sakarya University (SAU)
- Abstract:
- 2 Temmuz 1997 tarihinde Tayland Bahtı'nın devalüe edilmesinin ardından para ve menkul değerler piyasalarında, 1994 yılında Meksika Pesosu'nun devalüe edilmesinin ardından yaşanan “tekila” etkisini fazlasıyla aşan ölçülerde bir dalgalanma meydana gelmiştir. Kriz, ilk olarak, Doğu Asya'nın diğer ülkelerine bir dizi devalüasyon ve borsa çöküşü biçiminde yansımıştır. Sorunun derinlik kazanması ile birlikte, Hong Kong ve Güney Kore dahil, bölgedeki diğer ülkelerin para birimleri spekülatif baskılara maruz kalmıştır. Öte yandan kriz bölge dışına da taşmıştır. Arjantin, Brezilya ve Rusya gibi ülkelerin hisse senedi piyasalarında sert düşüşler yaşanmış ve ulusal para birimlerine dönük spekülatif saldırılar olmuştur. Döviz piyasalarında durum düzeldikçe, Tayland ve Güney Kore'de olduğu gibi, ülkelerin önemli bir bölümünde bankacılık sorunları, belki bunun da ötesinde büyük ölçekli bankacılık krizleri ortaya çıkmıştır.
- Topic:
- Public Opinion and European Union
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Turkey, and France
747. Proto-Zionist–Arab Encounters in Late Nineteenth-Century Palestine: Socioregional Dimensions
- Author:
- Yuval Ben-Bassat
- Publication Date:
- 01-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Palestine Studies
- Institution:
- Institute for Palestine Studies
- Abstract:
- Based on rarely used documents from archives in Israel and Turkey, this article offers a new approach for the study of proto-Zionist-Arab relationships in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century. It foregrounds the regional and sociological dimensions of the encounters between the two populations through focus on the Judean colonies southeast of Jaffa. These colonies, located relatively close together, maintained a close-knit network of mutual exchanges and gradually crystallized into a "bloc." Using a bottom-up approach, the article explores the developing coordination between the colonies and its impact on their relationships with their Arab neighbors. By the early twentieth century, the author argues, a distinct sociocultural identity had developed in the colonies and the close cooperation had begun to take on a nationalist coloration. RELATIVELY LITTLE has been written about the daily relationships between Jewish colonists and the Arab rural population in Palestine during the early years of proto-Zionist colonization. Existing research focuses mainly on the ideological and political aspects of the encounter, with less attention paid to the actual interactions between the two populations in this formative period, designated in Zionist historiography as the "first 'aliyah" (1882-1903). Using a bottom-up sociohistorical approach, this article addresses these daily relations while focusing on the six "Judean colonies" (moshvot Yehudah) established southeast of Jaffa at the end of the nineteenth century. In classical Zionist historiography, the early encounters between the two populations are often portrayed as just another set of obstacles that the first colonists had to confront and overcome. However, the contextual background of their multidimensional relationships and the broader regional implications of these encounters are largely ignored. Hence, it is often stressed that while the problems confronting the colonies with regard to their Arab neighbors were similar (arising from cultural misunderstandings and disputes over natural resources such as water, land, and grazing rights), each colony dealt with them separately according to its best understanding, judgment, and ability. Some researchers even argue that a common pattern of interaction developed, from alienation in the beginning, through gradual reciprocal acceptance, to the development of friendly relationships. By contrast, I argue that despite the similarity of the challenges facing the Jewish colonists, their relationships with their Arab neighbors were neither uniform nor restricted to the local level. On the one hand, differences in the colonists' sociocultural backgrounds and in the colonies' physical conditions played a role in shaping these relationships. On the other hand, the Judean colonies, located relatively close together, maintained a close-knit network of mutual exchanges, cooperation, and coordination in various domains, and gradually crystallized into a "bloc"-a development that had implications for their relations with the local rural population. Hence, this study, in addition to briefly discussing the particularistic nature of the Judean colonies, explores in depth their common activity and its effects on Jewish-Arab relations. SOURCES AND METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES The bottom-up sociohistorical approach implemented in this research, which is grounded in a spatial analytical framework, makes possible a more nuanced analysis of early Jewish-Arab encounters and better accounts for their complex dynamics. This methodology, moreover, can serve as a model for examining Jewish-Arab relations in other regions in Palestine where Jewish colonization activity took place at the end of the nineteenth century as well as in later periods, especially given its tendency prior to 1948 to concentrate in specific regions. Arguably, this methodology can also be applied to the study of other cases of settlement in the Ottoman Empire. While a vast amount of primary material dealing with proto-Zionist colonization is available from the perspective of the Jewish colonists and Zionist organizations, it is a much harder task to trace the viewpoints of the Arab rural population. This stems from the destruction of hundreds of villages and the dispersal of their population during the 1948war, the lack of organized Palestinian national archives to date, and the fact that most of the rural population was illiterate and therefore left very little written documentation behind. Despite the methodological constraints created by basing a study primarily on proto-Zionist and Zionist sources, a careful reading against the grain makes possible a critical understanding of the experiences of both Arabs and Jews in Palestine at the time. Of particular importance are the understudied primary documents found in the local archives of five out of the six former first 'aliyah Judean colonies. These include materials such as logbooks, personal letters, receipts, contracts, maps, and pictures, which provide a unique firsthand account of the complexity and ambivalent nature of relations between the two groups. The logbooks of the colonies' managing committees, for example, provide detailed narratives of daily life in the colonies, particularly with regard to interactions with the neighboring Arab population. . . .
- Political Geography:
- Turkey, Israel, Palestine, and Arabia
748. Diaspora Design versus Homeland Realities: Case Study of Armenian Diaspora
- Author:
- Bahar Baser and Ashok Swain
- Publication Date:
- 01-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Caucasian Review of International Affairs
- Institution:
- The Caucasian Review of International Affairs
- Abstract:
- Recently the concept of "diaspora" has become a popular subject and two polarized views dominate the study on diaspora behavior: the categorization of the diaspora as good or bad, conflict or peace promoter, spoiler or peace-maker. The majority of the research on diaspora politics places emphasis on its conflict-promoting character. Researchers argue that a diaspora may even act against its homeland's interests. This paper aims to further explore this behavior of diaspora groups and try to locate the reasons behind this phenomenon. The focus is the Armenian diaspora and its policies, particularly targeting the foreign policy of the host country. Some of the critical issues are the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh and Turkey-Armenia relations, which includes the issues of "genocide" recognition, normalization of diplomatic relations and opening of the borders. With the help of theoretical frameworks, the Armenian diaspora's positions will be analyzed in this paper.
- Political Geography:
- Turkey and Armenia
749. Editor's Note
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- No abstract is available.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy and Cold War
- Political Geography:
- United States, Turkey, and Middle East
750. Turkey's Local Elections of 2009: Winners and Losers
- Author:
- ALİ ÇARKOĞLU
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- This article presents a descriptive account of the March 2009 local elections in Turkey and offers a nation-wide and regional evaluation of trends in Turkish elections since 2004. The results of these analyses suggest that, although the AKP's rise in support has stalled, it remains the dominant political party in Turkish politics. However, a regionally differentiated analysis shows that significant differences can be observed between the more developed western coastal regions, where the opposition parties received a lot of support, and the eastern and southeastern provinces, where parties that represent the ethnic Kurdish minority have seen rising support. In between these two areas, the AKP continues to dominate in the more conservative provinces, followed by the MHP. The article emphasizes the worsening economic conditions as the main factor that shaped these developments, and underlines the geographically advantageous positioning of the MHP which may mount a credible opposition to the AKP in the future.
- Topic:
- Politics
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
751. Towards a Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement?
- Author:
- Aybars Görgülü
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- Given its close political, economic, social and cultural ties to the region, stability, prosperity and a cooperative atmosphere in the South Caucasus are of great significance to Turkey. From this perspective, the normalization of Turkey's relations with Armenia is one of the priorities of the AKP government. So a new era is about to begin in Turkish-Armenian relations, which up until now have been burdened by historical legacies, inertia and a lack of trust. The process of rapprochement launched with the restoration of the Akhtamar Church in 2002 is likely to soon result in the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries; however, the process is complicated, and it is still uncertain when the official ties will be definitively established. That is why a detailed look at the 18 years of deadlock between Turkey and Armenia would be helpful in order to better understand the changing dynamics of the problem.
- Political Geography:
- Turkey, Armenia, and South Caucasus
752. Turkish-Israeli Relations after Davos: A View from Turkey
- Author:
- Gökhan Bacik
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- Despite the negative atmosphere it created for both sides, the Davos case should be seen as an opportunity to revisit the various aspects of Turkish-Israeli relations. Turkish-Israeli rapprochement is important for the regional order. However, both sides should realize that like all bilateral relations the Turkish-Israeli one is subject to social, political and psychological parameters. There is no ideal, correct model that is free of social effects. The fluctuations of a bilateral contact cannot be understood through simplistic analyses that prioritize personalities or other trivial issues. Every single event, including that at Davos, should be seen as one function of complex social phenomena. Even the most unexpected events in politics are the products of several major social machineries. This article will offer an alternative analysis of the Turkish-Israeli relationship in the light of a number of social structures.
- Political Geography:
- Turkey and Israel
753. Altercating Interests and Orientations between Israel and Turkey: A View from Israel
- Author:
- Ofra Bengio
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- This essay analyzes the relationship between Turkey and Israel against the background of the AKP ascent to power in Turkey in 2002 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It argues that notwithstanding the sea changes that occurred in the region following the invasion, as well as the far-reaching changes in Turkey's foreign policy, both states still have vested interests in maintaining their close relationship, even at times of crisis. One of the most important explanations for their relations' longevity is that the two states have no serious problems on the bilateral level, while their strategic, economic and societal common interests have been strong enough to weather crises. The paper also explores the implications for the future of the Turkish-Israeli relationship of Turkey's policy during Israel's operations against Hamas in Gaza.
- Topic:
- Economics
- Political Geography:
- Turkey, Israel, and Gaza
754. Between Crises and Cooperation: The Future of Turkish-Israeli Relations
- Author:
- İlker Aytürk
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- This essay analyzes the relationship between Turkey and Israel against the background of the AKP ascent to power in Turkey in 2002 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It argues that notwithstanding the sea changes that occurred in the region following the invasion, as well as the far-reaching changes in Turkey's foreign policy, both states still have vested interests in maintaining their close relationship, even at times of crisis. One of the most important explanations for their relations' longevity is that the two states have no serious problems on the bilateral level, while their strategic, economic and societal common interests have been strong enough to weather crises. The paper also explores the implications for the future of the Turkish-Israeli relationship of Turkey's policy during Israel's operations against Hamas in Gaza.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy and Economics
- Political Geography:
- Turkey, Israel, and Gaza
755. Muslim Democrats in Turkey and Egypt: Participatory Politics as a Catalyst
- Author:
- İhsan Yılmaz
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- Partial and limited opening of authoritarian political systems in Turkey and Egypt created new democratic opportunities for Islamists to participate in public life. It also fostered democratic learning by permitting Islamists to compete for power and popular legitimacy. In the process of democratic opening, Islamists have had to address and represent the interests of a group much larger than their own ideological constituency. They have also had to endure repression and party closures in a semi-democratic political framework. However, the democratic learning process coupled with the establishment's constraints has paved the way for the transformation of Islamists to Muslim democrats. While the process in Turkey is almost complete, in Egypt there are still heated debates on the transformation among the Islamists. This study highlights the importance of the democratic opportunities given to Turkish Islamists and argues that if given similar opportunities, Egyptian Islamism will also transform to a post-Islamist phase.
- Topic:
- Islam
- Political Geography:
- Turkey and Egypt
756. The Emergence and Rise of Conservative Elite in Turkey
- Author:
- Kamil Yılmaz
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- The purpose of this essay is to examine the emergence and rise of a new "social group," or what I call a "conservative elite" in Turkey. By using in a historical perspective the theory of the circulation of elites as a theoretical construct, envisaged separately by both Mosca and Pareto and further developed by Kolabinska, I focus particularly on the underpinning factors that have brought about the changes which have paved the way for the new elite, namely: i) the negative effects of 'assertive secularism'; and ii) the positive effects of Turkey's democratization process, especially after the 1980s. This essay argues that Turkey's new conservative elite has demonstrated the feasibility of a successful synthesis of religious and social conservatism with modernity. Its overarching message is that increased social inclusion helps reduce violent radicalization of religious sentiments. The integration of the new conservative elite into society heralds positive signs not only for Turkey but also for its immediate neighborhood and beyond.
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
757. Michel McGaha, Autobiographies of Orhan Pamuk: The Writer in His Novels
- Author:
- Hugh Pope
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- Utah: University of Utah Press, 2008, 224 pp., ISBN 0874809304. Hugh PopeInsight Turkey, Vol. 11, No.2, 2009, p. 137
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
758. Ibrahim the Mad and Other Plays: An Anthology of Modern Turkish Drama
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2008, 473 pp., ISBN 10: 0815698977. Michael McGaha,Insight Turkey, Vol. 11, No.2, 2009, p. 139
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
759. Arnold Reisman, Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision
- Author:
- İdris Demir
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- Washington, D.C.: New Academia Publishing, 2006, 572 pp., ISBN 0-9777908-8-6. İdris DemirInsight Turkey, Vol. 11, No.2, 2009, p. 141
- Political Geography:
- Washington and Turkey
760. Montserrat Guibernau, The Identity of Nations
- Author:
- Daniel Faas
- Publication Date:
- 04-2009
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Insight Turkey
- Institution:
- SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
- Abstract:
- Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007, 235 pp., ISBN 13: 978-07456-2662-8. Daniel FaasInsight Turkey, Vol. 11, No.2, 2009, p. 144
- Political Geography:
- Turkey