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2. The Paris Agreement on Climate Change
- Author:
- Robert Sedgwick
- Publication Date:
- 01-2016
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- The UN sponsored agreement on climate change concluded last month in Paris, France is the most successful and comprehensive to date. Unlike previous agreements such as Kyoto and Copenhagen this one commits almost all countries, including China and the U.S., the world's two biggest polluters, to strive toward reducing carbon emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Each of the signatory countries must ratify the agreement and will then be responsible for implementing it by setting their own target goals.
- Topic:
- Climate Change, Industrial Policy, International Cooperation, and Treaties and Agreements
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
3. Islamic State Primer
- Author:
- Robert Sedgwick
- Publication Date:
- 11-2015
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- A brief overview and timeline examining the origins and trajectory of the little known terror group that was initially shunned and finally disowned by al-Qaeda as it developed into the world's most feared militant Muslim organization.
- Topic:
- Islam, Post Colonialism, Terrorism, War, Counterinsurgency, ISIS, and Islamic State
- Political Geography:
- Iraq, Middle East, and Syria
4. Interview with Brian Urquhart
- Author:
- Robert Sedgwick
- Publication Date:
- 11-2006
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- RS: Let's start at the beginning. In 2003 Colin Powell went to the UN and declared Iraq to be in violation of Resolution 1441 (passed Nov. 2002). A subsequent resolution was drawn up authorizing the use of force but was withdrawn when it became evident that three of the permanent members of the Security Council were going to veto it. The United States then went to war without the support of the Security Council in what many have condemned as a flagrant violation of international law. Were you at the time and are you now at all concerned about the legal consequences of the invasion and what kind of precedent it may have set?
- Political Geography:
- United States and Iraq
5. Emerging Trends in India's Foreign Trade Under the Globalised Regime
- Author:
- Irfan Ahmad
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- According to IMF, 'Globalisation may be defined as the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and of capital inflow and also through the more rapid and wide spread diffusion of technology'. The world economy has been emerging as a global or transnational economy. A global economy is one which transcends the national borders unhindered by artificial restrictions like government restrictions on trade and factor movements. Globalisation is a process of development of the world into a single integrated economic unit. This process is a move towards a borderless regime of free trade based on competition. The globalisation has four parameters, that is, (i) Reduction of trade barriers so as to permit free flow of goods and services across national frontiers. (ii) Creation of an environment in which free flow of capital can take place. (iii) Creation of environment, permitting free flow of technology, and (iv) Creation of an environment in which free movement of labour can take place in different countries of the world.
- Topic:
- Economics, Globalization, and International Trade and Finance
- Political Geography:
- Asia
6. Observations on Local Insurgents and Foreign Fighters in Iraq: an Interview with Mark Edmond Clark
- Author:
- Mark E. Clark
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- CIAO: There has been considerable discussion lately among analysts of U.S. foreign policy on the insurgency in Iraq. Although you have not dealt with the local insurgents or foreign fighters operating in Iraq, previously you managed to observe up close the preparations made by Serbian nationalist groups in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and by Yugoslav military, security services, and Serbian nationalist paramilitary groups in the Kosovo-Metohija province of Serbia for long-term insurgencies against the U.S. and NATO. Using that expertise, and your knowledge of events in Iraq, could you share some thoughts on the insurgency in Iraq?
- Topic:
- War
- Political Geography:
- United States, Iraq, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Middle East, Arabia, Kosovo, and Serbia
7. The EU Consented to Negotiations, but will it Allow Turkey in?
- Author:
- Murat Metin Hakki
- Publication Date:
- 03-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- The Europeans fought the Turks and tried to drive them away from Europe for about 16 centuries, starting in around 452 C.E. when Attila, the Emperor of Huns, sieged Rome. They almost achieved that goal with the 1912-13 Balkan War. However, the circumstances brought the Turks to the gates of Brussels almost 90 years later, this time as a candidate for the EU membership. The most advanced stage Turkey reached in the process of accession came with the EU's decision to start negotiations on October 3, 2005. The success of the AKP Government should be acknowledged with that respect. They reached a point no Turkish cabinet had reached until now. However, it is obvious that the repercussions of the December 17, 2004 decision should not be overestimated.
- Topic:
- International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Political Geography:
- Turkey, Eastern Europe, and Rome
8. Observations on U.S. Strategies in the Persian Gulf Region, 1941-2005: From the Atlantic Charter, the Twin Pillars and Dual Containment, to the "Axis of Evil"; and Beyond
- Author:
- Christopher D. O'Sullivan
- Publication Date:
- 01-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- Neoconservative supporters of President Bush are supposedly fond of the notion that, while Baghdad is for "men," "real men" go to Tehran. But are there larger implications of this notion beyond the swagger implied? What is the link between the war in Iraq and future US policy toward Iran? Is the war in Iraq perceived in neoconservative -- or "Vulcan" -- circles as a mere stepping stone to a confrontation with Iran? Where do Iraq and Iran fit into the larger historical framework of US interests in the Persian Gulf?
- Topic:
- International Relations and Security
- Political Geography:
- United States, Iraq, Iran, Middle East, and Tehran
9. Why German-US Relations Still Matter to the Transatlantic Alliance—One Year after War in Iraq
- Author:
- Michaela C. Hertkorn
- Publication Date:
- 12-2004
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- A declaration on NATO transformation of October 6, 2002 stated the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) needed to be “capable of taking action whenever the security of its members was threatened, upon the basis of the United Nations Charter. By making it clear that there is no safe haven for those who would threaten our societies or for those who would harbor such people” the deterrent element of Alliance strategy was strengthened. The North Atlantic Council should decide actions on a case-by-case basis. Where NATO as a whole was not engaged, allies willing to take action should be able to make use of NATO assets, procedures and practices. The declaration stressed high priority goals essential to the full range of Alliance missions including the defense against terrorism. This new initiative was to be based on firm national commitments with specific target dates. National commitments should be made transparent for parliamentary monitoring and oversight. Priority should be given to projects maximizing multi-nationality, and which had the potential to become common NATO assets. NATO and European Union capabilities initiatives needed to be mutually reinforced and thoroughly harmonized through permanent co-ordination mechanisms and procedures in a spirit of openness. NATO should redouble its efforts to reduce the fragmentation of defense procurement efforts through the pooling of military capabilities, co-operative acquisition of equipment and common funding. It should reduce to a minimum the obstacles for the sharing of technology. The alliance had to be able to act wherever NATO' s interests were threatened, creating coalitions under NATO' s own mandate, as well as contributing to mission-based coalitions, concerning both, old and new threats. NATO General Secretary, Lord Robertson referred to the experience NATO had with post-conflict stabilization, as in Kosovo and Macedonia. On October 8, 2002 Robertson declared, an enormous number of security issues on the Euro-Atlantic agenda required the greatest possible communication and coordination among Europeans and North Americans. The November 2002 Prague Summit would be a transforming event for the Alliance. It covered a wide range from terrorism, NATO' s military command arrangements and headquarters structure, to a further development of Partnership. The most visible issues referred to enlargement and improvements to NATO' s military capabilities. The question of capabilities concerned the member countries of NATO and of the European Union (EU). Because each nation had only one set of forces, it was necessary to make the best use possible of the scarce resources, avoiding duplication and overlaps. The message was very clear: the European Capabilities Action Plan and NATO' s Prague Capabilities Commitment needed to be coherent. Work in full transparency on capabilities issues was imperative, if EUNATO impasse was to be avoided or ended.
- Topic:
- Terrorism and War
- Political Geography:
- United States, Iraq, Europe, Kosovo, Germany, United Nations, and Macedonia
10. A Possible Path to Change in US-Iran Relations
- Author:
- Mark Edmond Clark
- Publication Date:
- 12-2004
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Columbia International Affairs Online
- Abstract:
- In 1999, I visited Belgrade one month before the start of Operation ALLIED FORCE as a guest of the Yugoslav Ministry of Foreign Affairs to hear the perspectives of key officials on the possibility of a conflict between Yugoslavia and NATO. I heard a singular perspective that NATO would not use force and threats to do so were used only to get the regime of Slobodan Milosevic to respond to diplomatic efforts by the US and EU. There was simply a refusal to recognize that the threat of attack from NATO was real.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution and Nuclear Weapons
- Political Geography:
- United States, Iran, Middle East, and Yugoslavia