Content Type: Working Paper / Publishing Institution: Kellogg Institute for International Studies / Political Geography: Portugal / Topic: Democratization

Author:: Tiago Fernandes
Publication Date:: 03-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Kellogg Institute for International Studies
Abstract:: This paper explains variations in patterns of civil society among third-wave democracies by comparing the cases of Portugal and Spain. In the former a civil society developed that had a tendency to be more oriented toward national issues and politics, whereas in the latter civil society tended to be more local, social, and disconnected from politics. Portugal, although having both a less developed economy and historically a weaker democratic tradition than Spain's, was a democracy that between the early 1970s and the mid-1990s offered more opportunities for the organized civic expression of popular interests.
Topic:: Civil Society, Democratization, Government, Human Rights, and Markets
Political Geography:: Europe, Spain, and Portugal

Author:: Rafael Durán
Publication Date:: 07-2000
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Kellogg Institute for International Studies
Abstract:: This comparative study attempts to analyze differences in populations' behavior during processes of transition from nondemocratic regimes to regimes democratic in intention. The central hypothesis is that the State—as reflected not only in its elites' preferences and strategies but also in its capacities—has to be considered if we are to understand mass behavior, whether transgressive or moderate, and even mass demobilization. The comparison includes two Southern European countries, Portugal and Spain during the mid-seventies, as points of reference and, as the main empirical cases, two Eastern European countries, Hungary and Romania, in which democratization began in 1989.
Topic:: Civil Society and Democratization
Political Geography:: Europe, Romania, Hungary, Spain, and Portugal

Author:: Larry Diamond
Publication Date:: 03-1997
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Kellogg Institute for International Studies
Abstract:: Since the Portuguese military overthrew the Salazar/Caetano dictatorship in April of 1974, the number of democracies in the world has multiplied dramatically. Before the start of this global trend toward democracy, there were roughly 40 countries in the world that could be rated as more or less democratic. The number increased moderately through the late 1970s and early 1980s as a number of states experienced transitions from authoritarian (predominantly military) to democratic rule. But then, in the mid-1980s, the pace of global democratic expansion accelerated markedly, to the point where as of 1996 there were somewhere between 76 and 117 democracies, depending on how one counts. How one counts is crucial, however, to the task of this essay: thinking about whether democracy will continue to expand in the world, or even hold steady at its current level. In fact, it raises the most fundamental philosophical and political questions of what we mean by democracy.
Topic:: Democratization, Politics, and Dictatorship
Political Geography:: Africa, Europe, South America, Central America, Caribbean, and Portugal

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