Content Type: Policy Brief / Publishing Institution: Oxfam Publishing / Political Geography: / Publication Year: within 25 Years

201. East Africa Food Crisis: Poor rains, poor response

Author:: Elise Ford
Publication Date:: 07-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: East Africa is facing the worst food crisis of the 21st Century. Across Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya, 12 million people are in dire need of food, clean water, and basic sanitation. Loss of life on a massive scale is a very real risk, and the crisis is set to worsen over the coming months, particularly for pastoralist communities.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Humanitarian Aid, United Nations, and Food
Political Geography:: Kenya, Africa, Ethiopia, and Somalia

202. Gender and the Green Climate Fund

Publication Date:: 07-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Women are on the front line of coping with and adapting to the effects of climate change. Both climate change impacts and mitigation and adaptation responses affect women and men differently. Yet current climate finance institutions almost entirely ignore gender issues. The Green Climate Fund cannot afford to make the same mistake. Many agree the new fund must be innovative, building on the lessons of climate finance and of other funds to date. To be an effective and legitimate tool in the fight against climate change, the Green Climate Fund must have the concerns of women at its heart.
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, and Gender Issues

203. Towards Durable Solutions for Displaced Ivoirians

Author:: Gaelle Bausson
Publication Date:: 10-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Six months after the resolution of the post-electoral stand-off in Côte d'Ivoire that followed the contested presidential elections of 28 November 2010, a humanitarian crisis of significant proportions remains. Whilst more than 500,000 have returned to their place of origin since the end of the conflict in April, approximately 450,000 Ivoirians remain displaced inside Côte d'Ivoire and in neighbouring countries, and both groups remain in need of enhanced humanitarian assistance and protection.
Topic:: Political Violence, Democratization, and Humanitarian Aid
Political Geography:: Africa

204. Beyond Viktor Bout: Why the United States needs an Arms Trade Treaty

Author:: Scott Stedjan and Colby Goodman
Publication Date:: 10-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: With the trial of Viktor Bout nearly underway and the UN negotiations on an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) starting in the summer of 2012, this briefing paper seeks to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the challenges the US government faces in tackling unscrupulous arms brokers abroad and to show how the adoption of a strong and comprehensive ATT could help the United States and other governments in such efforts.
Topic:: Arms Control and Proliferation, Crime, International Cooperation, and Law Enforcement
Political Geography:: United States and United Nations

205. A Place at the Table: Safeguarding women's rights in Afghanistan

Author:: Nemat, Orzala Ashraf and Louise Hancock
Publication Date:: 10-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Ten years on from the start of the western intervention in Afghanistan, Afghan women are facing an uncertain future. Women have strived for, and made important gains, since the fall of the Taliban in 2001, including in political participation and access to education, but these gains are fragile and reversible.
Topic:: Gender Issues and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Taliban

206. Not a Game, Speculation vs Food Security: Regulating financial markets to grow a better future

Author:: Marc-Olivier Herman, Ruth Kelly, and Robert Nash
Publication Date:: 10-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Food prices are a matter of life and death to many in the developing world. Financial markets that should be helping food growers and processors to manage their risk and set prices have become a potential threat to global food security. Deregulated and secretive agricultural commodity derivatives markets have attracted huge sums of speculative money, and there is growing evidence that they deliver distorted and unpredictable food prices. Financial speculation can play an important role to help food producers and end users manage risks, but in light of the harm that excessive speculation may cause to millions, action is required now to address the problem. This briefing explains what has gone wrong with financial markets and what could be done to fix them.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, International Trade and Finance, Markets, and Food
Political Geography:: Europe

207. Disaster Risk Reduction – Fundamental to saving lives and reducing poverty

Author:: Debbie Hillier
Publication Date:: 09-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: East Africa is facing the worst food crisis of the 21st Century. Across Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya, over 12 million people are in dire need of food, clean water, basic sanitation and shelter. Suffering and death are already happening on a massive scale, and the situation will worsen over the coming months.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Humanitarian Aid, Food, and Famine
Political Geography:: Kenya, Africa, Ethiopia, and Somalia

208. Land and Power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land

Author:: Bertram Zagema
Publication Date:: 09-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: International investment plays a vital role in development and poverty reduction. Investment can improve livelihoods and bring jobs, services, and infrastructure, when it is managed responsibly within the context of an effective regulatory framework. Oxfam sees this every day in its work and, in some cases, is working collaboratively with businesses to promote investments that directly benefit poor communities. The recent record of investment in land is very different. It tells a story of rapidly increasing pressure on land – a natural resource upon which the food security of millions of people living in poverty depends. Too many investments have resulted in dispossession, deception, violation of human rights, and destruction of livelihoods. Without national and international measures to defend the rights of people living in poverty, this modern-day land-rush looks set to leave too many poor families worse off, often evicted from their land with little or no recourse to justice.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Poverty, and Food
Political Geography:: Western Europe

209. Yemen: Fragile lives in hungry times

Publication Date:: 09-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The promise of what came to be known as the Arab Spring, which dawned in North Africa, sweeping into the Arabian Gulf and up through the Middle East, has foundered in Yemen. Political turmoil has taken hold and reform has stalled, sparking renewed insecurity, devastating an already frail economy, and triggering a national fuel crisis that has in turn driven rising levels of hunger. Levels of child malnutrition in some regions are among the worst in the world. While billions of dollars have been donated to Tunisia, Libya, and to a lesser extent Egypt to rebuild their economies, Yemenis are facing chronic hunger and have few resources at their disposal. While the eyes of the world are on other countries experiencing major upheaval, Yemen must not be forgotten. Leaving the country to simmer and collapse in slow motion will lead to far greater humanitarian and security concerns.
Topic:: Poverty, Food, and Famine
Political Geography:: Middle East, Norway, Yemen, Arabia, United Nations, and Egypt

210. Out of the Bunker: Time for a fair deal on shipping emissions

Author:: Tim Gore and Mark Lutes
Publication Date:: 09-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: International shipping is a major – and rapidly growing – source of greenhouse gas emissions. Agreement to apply a carbon price to shipping can both reduce emissions and raise funds for climate change adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. This paper shows that doing so is possible while ensuring developing countries face no net costs. COP17 in Durban, South Africa at the end of 2011 provides an opportunity to agree the key principles of such a deal.
Topic:: Climate Change and Energy Policy
Political Geography:: Africa

211. Power to the People? Reactions to the EU's response to the Arab Spring

Author:: Jamie Balfour-Paul
Publication Date:: 11-2011
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The EU has a long history of co-operation with the Arab region. Its economic and security interests in the region are considerable. In line with the European Consensus on Development, respect for human rights and democracy have been explicit values within EU development policies. Past EU co-operation in the region, especially in health and education, has achieved successes and enabled people to claim certain rights.
Topic:: Civil Society, Democratization, Human Rights, Regime Change, and Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: Europe, Middle East, and Arabia

212. Climate Finance Post-Copenhagen: The $100bn questions

Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Climate change is the single greatest threat to development – making the battle to overcome poverty ever harder and more expensive. Finance is urgently needed to help vulnerable communities adapt to a changing climate. Last year the World Bank estimated the costs of adaptation in poor countries were $75–100bn per year if global warming was kept to 2°C. The non-binding pledges from rich countries to cut emissions offered since Copenhagen would steer a course towards a catastrophic 4°C.
Topic:: Climate Change, Environment, and Treaties and Agreements
Political Geography:: United Nations

213. Halving Hunger: Still Possible? Building a rescue package to set the MDGs back on track

Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Ten years after the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreed by world leaders became the greatest-ever commitment for a 'more peaceful, prosperous and just future', progress is slow and many hard-won achievements have been undone after the global food, fuel and economic crises. Unless an urgent rescue package is developed to accelerate fulfillment of all the MDGs, we are likely to witness the greatest collective failure in history.
Topic:: Development, Human Welfare, Humanitarian Aid, and Poverty
Political Geography:: United Nations

214. The Making of a Seoul Development: Consensus The essential development agenda for the G20

Author:: Jasmine Burnley and Elizabeth Stuart
Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: When the G20 meets in Seoul in November 2010, it has a big choice to make. It can either retreat into a narrow focus on its own interests, or it can prove it is capable of genuine global leadership in the face of the interlinked economic, food, and climate change crises. The G20 must adopt a Seoul 'development consensus' that confronts the challenges of the 21st century: reducing inequality and tackling global poverty through sustainable, equitable growth that gives poor women and men, and their governments, the tools they need to overcome poverty.
Topic:: Development, Poverty, and Food
Political Geography:: Israel, Asia, and South Korea

215. Righting Two Wrongs: Making a new Global Climate Fund work for poor people

Author:: Tracy Carty
Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Climate-related shocks are negatively affecting the lives of millions of poor women and men with increasing frequency and severity. The non- binding pledges made in Copenhagen put the world on track for a catastrophic temperature rise of 3-4°C. If developed countries fail to set much more ambitious emissions targets, the cost of damages will increase dramatically. There is an urgent need to set up a proper system of finance for adaptation to help developing countries avoid the worst impacts.
Topic:: Civil Society, Climate Change, and Development

216. Agricultural challenges and opportunities for Haiti's reconstruction

Author:: Marc Cohen
Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The massive earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January 2010 devastated rural areas as well as urban, destroying crops, farm buildings, equipment, and infrastructure. Indirect effects touched almost every corner of the nation, as 600,000 people migrated to the countryside, increasing pressure on already stretched food and fuel resources. Internal displacement worsened food insecurity, which affected six out of ten people even before the disaster.
Topic:: Development, Disaster Relief, Poverty, and Food
Political Geography:: Caribbean

217. Hunger in the Sahel: A permanent emergency? Ensuring the next drought will not cause another humanitarian crisis

Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2010, more than 10 million people, mainly women and children, were victims of the food crisis in the Sahel. Nearly 500,000 severely malnourished children were taken into care between January and November 2010 in Niger, Chad, Mali and Burkina Faso. Most livestock in the Sahel was decimated. The images and the stories of hunger harked back to the food crisis of 2005 and the famines in 1973-1974 and 1984-1985.
Topic:: Agriculture, Human Welfare, Humanitarian Aid, and Food
Political Geography:: Africa

218. Ghosts of Christmas Past: Protecting civilians from the LRA

Author:: Ellie Kemp and Verity Johnson
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: On Christmas Eve 2008 and over the following three weeks, 865 women, men and children were savagely beaten to death and hundreds more abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in a remote corner in the north-east of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and in southern Sudan. The attack was a murderous backlash in response to Operation “Lightning Thunder”, a military offensive launched some 10 days before against the LRA by Uganda, DRC and southern Sudan. Less than a year later, between 14 and 17 December 2009, LRA commanders oversaw the killing of more than 300 people, again shattering communities in a remote corner of northern DRC.
Topic:: Terrorism, Armed Struggle, and Counterinsurgency
Political Geography:: Uganda, Africa, and Sudan

219. Engaging with Communities: The next challenge for peacekeeping

Author:: Clea Kahn
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The protection of civilians from the worst ravages of war is a dilemma that international bodies have sought to address for decades. However, despite lessons learned from the atrocities of Rwanda and Srebrenica, among others, civilians are still not only adversely affected by armed conflict; they are too often directly targeted.
Topic:: Humanitarian Aid, Intelligence, United Nations, and Peacekeeping
Political Geography:: Sudan

220. The dangers of militarized aid in Afghanistan

Author:: Ashley Jackson
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Every half hour, an average of one Afghan woman dies from pregnancy-related complications, another dies of tuberculosis and 14 children die, largely from preventable causes. Eight years after the fall of the Taliban, the humanitarian and development needs in Afghanistan remain acute.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, War, Armed Struggle, and Insurgency
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, Asia, and Taliban

221. Reconstructing Haiti

Author:: Aimee Ansari
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: All actors should ensure that the people of Haiti have a central role in the process of reconstruction and that reconstruction is equitable. Those delivering assistance on the ground should immediately work to coordinate within the UN established system and with the Haitian government The UN and the US government are trying to ensure that there is adequate fuel to support the relief effort. Fuel supply will remain a concern for humanitarian agencies in the near term. In consultation with NGOs, the UN should establish a system to determine who receives fuel, for what purposes and in what priority. The Haitian government, UN and international military actors must work together to improve the security situation, pre-empting a potential deterioration of the situation, with increased patrols, transparency in operations and clear conjoined rules of engagement and chain of command. Protection, particularly for women and children, should be mainstreamed into the design of all programmes, including any camps for affected people or expansion of patrols, in consultation with affected people and local civil society. The government, UN, donors and other actors must ensure that efforts to restore and improve public services, infrastructure and economic activity prioritise poorer communities. In a socially divided society such as Haiti, there is a real danger that the better off and politically influential will secure their needs first. It is not too early to lay a new foundation for Haiti's reconstruction and development with complete debt forgiveness, aid in the form of grants not loans and a “pro-poor” approach that prioritises livelihoods and sustainable development led by Haitians from the start.
Topic:: Corruption, Development, and Disaster Relief
Political Geography:: United States and United Nations

222. Bridging the Digital Gender Divide in Africa

Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: African Heads of States and Governments gather in Addis Ababa for the 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union at a time when the continent faces a huge digital divide. African women are disproportionately affected by this divide.
Topic:: Gender Issues and Science and Technology
Political Geography:: Africa

223. Rescuing Education for All: How reform of the Fast Track Initiative should lead to a Global Fund for Education

Author:: Katie Malouf Bous
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The first decade of our new millennium was poised to go down in history as a hopeful turning point for the world's children. Remarkable progress was being forged across the developing world, spurred by a new global commitment to the Education For All (EFA) goals. These goals were answered by substantial increases in aid during the first half of the decade, extensive debt relief, and a growing political commitment to education in developing countries. The EFA Fast Track Initiative was also establ ished in 2002 as a global partnership to support national efforts to reach universal primary education.
Topic:: Development, Education, Globalization, and Financial Crisis

224. Better Jobs in Better Supply Chains

Publication Date:: 03-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper is intended for senior managers in all companies that source goods from developing countries. Examples are drawn mainly from the garment and agriculture industries but the learning is transferable to other industries, including electronics, construction, and services.
Topic:: Development, Economics, International Trade and Finance, Markets, Poverty, and Labor Issues

225. Haiti: A Once-in-a-Century Chance for Change

Publication Date:: 03-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: No disaster is completely natural. The devastating earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January 2010 was no exception. Haiti's extreme levels of poverty and inequality exacerbated the devastation and determined who was vulnerable.
Topic:: Development, Poverty, Foreign Aid, and Reconstruction
Political Geography:: Caribbean and Haiti

226. 21st century aid: Recognising success and tackling failure

Author:: Jasmine Burnley
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In Mozambique, the government has a national plan to tackle poverty and inequality, but it cannot finance this plan from national resources alone. Despite this, Mozambique – just 20 years ago the poorest country in the world – has increased its spending on health care by over half, and in the past decade the number of children who die before their fifth birthday has come down by almost 20 percent.
Topic:: International Cooperation, Poverty, Third World, and Foreign Aid
Political Geography:: Georgia

227. Something for nothing: Challenging negative attitudes to people living in poverty

Author:: Clare Cochrane
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: People living in poverty in the UK make a vital contribution to the economy and society through unpaid caring and community work. But public attitudes prevail that people on low incomes – and particularly those on benefits – are 'scroungers' who are to blame for their own poverty. These attitudes are exacerbated by a widespread assumption that opportunities to earn a reasonable income are readily available.
Topic:: Poverty, Social Stratification, and Public Opinion
Political Geography:: United Kingdom

228. Think big. Go small. Adapting business models to incorporate smallholders into supply chains

Author:: David Bright, Don Seville, and Lea BorkenHagen
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Incorporating smallholders into the supply chain allows a company to tell consumers how their purchasing choices can improve the lives of men and women farmers. Companies that incorporate smallholders equitably into their supply chains – and communicate their action through their brands – can capture new customers and gain greater loyalty from existing ones.
Topic:: Development, Economics, Emerging Markets, International Trade and Finance, Third World, and Food
Political Geography:: United Kingdom

229. Promises, Promises: A briefing paper for the Kabul Conference on Afghanistan

Author:: Ashley Jackson
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The Kabul Conference marks the ninth international conference on Afghanistan in nearly as many years. The conference aims to present a new set of development programs and shore up international support for civilian efforts. It will also follow up on commitments made on anticorruption and reconciliation during the London Conference in January 2010. Yet much of the hope and optimism that marked the earlier conferences such as the Bonn Conference in 2001, which set out the parameters for the interim government, and the Paris Conference in 2006, which outlined a strategy for reconstruction and development, is now gone.
Topic:: Security, Development, War, and Fragile/Failed State
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Asia

230. Women and Children First: On the frontline of war in the Kivus

Publication Date:: 06-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2009, the government of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), with international backing, launched military offensives against the FDLR (Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda) and other militias in eastern DRC, with devastating humanitarian consequences: an estimated 900,000 people displaced and over 1,400 documented civilian deaths attributed to militia and government forces. In 2010 a new offensive, Amani Leo ('peace today'), continues efforts to disarm the militias, with some additional safeguards for civilian safety linked to UN peacekeeping support for the operations. However, while some areas have become safer as a result, ongoing population displacement (over 164,000 January- April 2010) and protection cluster monitoring of human rights violations (up 246% January-February in South Kivu after the launch of Amani Leo) are indications of continuing fallout for civilians. A survey conducted by Oxfam and partners in North and South Kivu in April 2010 enquired into the experiences of people in areas affected by the military operations. It found that, for 60% of respondents this year, things are worse than in 2009.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Gender Issues, Genocide, and War
Political Geography:: Asia and Democratic Republic of the Congo

231. Aid to Haiti, 6 months on: A long way to go

Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The outpouring of global public support in response to the earthquake enabled Oxfam and other agencies to get aid through to the Haitian people and make a real difference. However, recovery in Haiti is one of the most complex humanitarian and development challenges in modern times. There are no short-term solutions for Haiti.
Topic:: Humanitarian Aid, Natural Disasters, and Foreign Aid
Political Geography:: United Nations

232. How reform of the Fast Track Initiative should lead to a Global Fund for Education

Author:: Katie Malouf Bous
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Remarkable progress has been made in the last ten years toward achieving the education-related Millennium Development Goals. Many more girls are in school and enrolment rates are on the rise, due to higher-quality aid and to political commitment in developing countries. However, these achievements could be derailed by the global economic crisis, newly falling aid levels, and educational challenges. With 72 million children still out of school, the world's poorest countries urgently need a global financing initiative that can deliver the resources to scale up to Education For All.
Topic:: Development, Education, and Gender Issues
Political Geography:: Africa

233. Rescuing the Peace in Southern Sudan

Author:: Maya Mailer and Lydia Poole
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The next 12 months will be critical for the future of Sudan. As the country marks the fifth anniversary of the signing of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended a devastating civil war, southern Sudan has seen a major upsurge in violence. In 2009, some 2,500 people were killed and 350,000 fled their homes. With landmark elections and a referendum on the horizon, the peace deal is fragile and the violence likely to escalate even further unless there is urgent international engagement.
Topic:: Political Violence, Civil War, Ethnic Conflict, Peace Studies, and Treaties and Agreements
Political Geography:: Sudan and Arabia

234. A Billion Hungry People: Governments and aid agencies must rise to the challenge

Publication Date:: 01-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The food price increases of 2007 and 2008 focused attention on a global food crisis that was already affecting more than 850 million people. Even before the 2008 food riots, some 16,000 children were dying every day from hunger-related causes – one every five seconds. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) estimates that by the end of 2008, rising prices had added 109 million to the ranks of the hungry. Today, about one in six of the world's population goes short of food, almost a billion people.
Topic:: International Relations, Humanitarian Aid, Third World, Foreign Aid, Food, and Famine

235. Blind Optimism: Challenging the myths about private health care in poor countries

Publication Date:: 02-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The stakes could not be higher. Every minute a woman dies in pregnancy or childbirth for want of simple medical care; every hour 300 people die of AIDS-related illnesses; and every day 5,000 children are killed by pneumonia. The world is badly off-course to achieve the internationally agreed health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To get back on-course and achieve universal and equitable health care for all requires a massive expansion of health services. To fail in this endeavour will be to abandon hundreds of millions of people to an early death and a life blighted by sickness. The critical question is how can such a massive scale up be achieved?
Topic:: Health, Humanitarian Aid, Third World, and Foreign Aid

236. 4-a-week: Changing food consumption in the UK to benefit people and planet

Publication Date:: 03-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Food shopping may seem an innocent, even mundane, chore. But the food we buy every week can have huge impacts on people and environments seemingly worlds away from our regular dash round the shops. The futures of some of the world's poorest people and of the global environment are intimately linked to the contents of our shopping baskets.
Topic:: Environment, Political Economy, and Food
Political Geography:: United Kingdom and Europe

237. Caught in the Conflict: Civilians and the international security strategy in Afghanistan

Publication Date:: 04-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The intensification and spread of the conflict in Afghanistan is increasingly affecting civilians. In 2008 there were over 2,100 civilian casualties, 55% of which were caused by militants. Despite steps to reduce civilian casualties, international military forces (IMF) caused 552 civilian deaths through airstrikes in 2008, which is up by 72% on 2007. IMF have also carried out or supported raids and search operations, a large number of which have involved an excessive use of force, including loss of life, physical assault, dam age to property and theft, as well as aggressive and improper treatment of women. Such conduct not only generates anger and mistrust towards foreign troops, but is steadily eroding popular support for the international presence in the country. Furthermore, many individuals detained by Afghan and US forces are held for long periods without charge or trial, and there are allegations of mistreatment and torture.
Topic:: Security, Defense Policy, Human Rights, and War
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, United States, and Central Asia

238. What Happened at the G20? Initial Analysis of the London Summit

Publication Date:: 04-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: G20 leaders met for the second time in London on 2 April, as the global economic crisis began to crash across the borders of poor countries with ever-greater severity. Oxfam's research shows rising human impacts in the shape of job losses, falling remittances to the families of migrant workers and a particularly severe impact on women workers in global supply chains. Based on the latest forecasts, published on the eve of the summit, Oxfam estimates that the crisis could push 100 million people into poverty in 2009 alone.
Topic:: Economics, Gender Issues, Globalization, International Organization, Poverty, and Labor Issues
Political Geography:: London

239. Close to Home: UK poverty and the economic downturn

Publication Date:: 04-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The major social policy challenge of the current economic recession is how to prevent a precipitous rise in poverty in the UK. In addition to limiting the numbers of people plunged into poverty because of the recession, government must also mitigate the impact on people already living below the poverty line. But, this paper will argue, response s to the recession present an opportunity to make a step-change, ensuring that actions taken also help build a fairer, more sustainable society in which poverty is ended in the long-term.
Topic:: Economics, Globalization, Poverty, and Labor Issues
Political Geography:: Europe

240. A Business Case for Fighting Poverty

Publication Date:: 05-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Even in hard times, it can make commercial sense for companies to develop markets that include poor people, and business models that address poverty. Businesses that create decent jobs, access to markets or goods and services that benefit low-income groups in emerging economies help to build healthier, wealthier, and more highly skilled communities. Those communities will provide the customers, suppliers, and employees that companies need for sustainable growth.
Topic:: Development, Economics, Markets, Poverty, and Non State Actors

241. Making Pooled Funding Work for People in Crisis

Author:: Tanja Schuemer-Cross
Publication Date:: 05-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: International humanitarian aid provides relief to tens of millions of people each year: in 2007 to more than 43 million people through UN humanitarian appeals alone. However, it is also often too little, too late, and unpredictable, or inappropriate to the needs of communities, including specific groups such as women and girls. The UN-led reforms since 2005 to improve humanitarian aid have begun - but only begun - to make a difference to this variable performance.
Topic:: Development, Humanitarian Aid, Poverty, Third World, and Foreign Aid

242. Assessing the Alternatives: Financing climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries

Author:: Stephen Spratt
Publication Date:: 05-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The global climate is changing, fast. And this is the direct result of human activity. It is broadly accepted that we need to restrict global temperature increases to as far below 2°C as possible if we are to avoid triggering runaway, irreversible and catastrophic climate change. This is very probably the greatest challenge and danger that mankind has ever faced, and evidence is mounting that time is rapidly running out if we wish to “preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted.” (Hansen, et al, 2008).
Topic:: Climate Change, Environment, and Third World

243. Sectoral Solutions or Carbon Cartels: Will global industry proposals result in a fair and safe climate deal?

Publication Date:: 05-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Climate change is already affecting the lives of people in the developing world. Increased floods and droughts, rising sea levels, changing patterns of rainfall and falling crop yields are making it harder and harder for poor people to escape poverty. Oxfam is projecting that, on current trends, the average number of people affected by climate-related disasters each year may have risen by over 50 percent by 2015 – to 375 million people – potentially overwhelming the humanitarian system.
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, Environment, and Industrial Policy

244. Global Sectoral Industry Approaches to Climate Change: Helping or harming?

Author:: Jonas Meckling
Publication Date:: 05-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The World Business Summit on Climate Change provides an example of the leadership role that the global business community has assumed in paving the road to a post-2012 climate regime. Among various proposals from the business lobby for the creation of a policy for concerted action on climate change, the concept of co-operative sectoral approaches has risen to the top of the agenda. The Bali Action Plan of December 2007 put sectoral approaches officially on the negotiating table, with its proposal for 'cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions' as a means to 'enhance implementation of' articles in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 2007: Art. 1 (b) (iv)).
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, Environment, and Industrial Policy

245. EU Leadership or Losership? Time to beat the impasse on climate talks

Author:: Kirsty Hughes and Sarah Best
Publication Date:: 05-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The world, and most of all, its poor people, desperately needs a fair and safe climate deal to be agreed in Copenhagen in December. But currently, negotiations are proceeding at a snail's pace, hamstrung by a yawning deficit of trust between developing and industrialised countries, and crucially lacking a global leader – one that can bridge this divide by leading by example with commitments to cut its own emissions and to finance adaptation and mitigation in the South.
Topic:: Climate Change, Environment, and Regional Cooperation

246. Rebuilding Gaza: Putting people before politics

Author:: Sara Hamood
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In June 2009 the blockade on the Gaza Strip enters its third year. The intense closure policy, coupled with the government of Israel's recent military operation 'Cast Lead', has had a devastating impact on the lives and livelihoods of one and a half million Gazans, pushing them further into poverty and aid dependency. Parties to the conflict and the international community have, to varying degrees, prioritised their own political objectives over people's rights and needs, leaving Gazans sitting on the ruins of their homes. By attempting to isolate Hamas, the government of Israel and key international donor governments and institutions have in fact isolated the people of Gaza, thereby reducing chances of securing a peaceful, just and durable resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution and War
Political Geography:: Middle East, Israel, Palestine, Gaza, and Arab Countries

247. Hang Together or Separately? How global co-operation is key to a fair and adequate climate deal at Copenhagen

Author:: Antonio Hill, Julie-Anne Richards, and Richard King
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: A fair and adequate global climate regime requires a massive effort across the board to reduce the risks to lives and livelihoods that poor people face first and most. Rich countries must reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions first and fastest, with ambitious targets at home. High levels of rich-country pollution over the last century mean that even ambitious emissions-reductions targets will not be enough to avoid catastrophic climate change. Deep emissions reductions in rich countries are still critical, but climate security will now be won or lost as a result of co-operative efforts in which rich countries finance large-scale reductions in emissions in developing countries. Establishing a Global Mitigation and Finance Mechanism could achieve these reductions while respecting principles of equity, and delivering tangible development gains for poor people. This must be a centre piece of the Copenhagen deal in December 2009. But much greater political attention and support is needed for this vital part of the deal to be developed in time.
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, Environment, and International Cooperation

248. Health-Care Reform in Georgia: A Civil-Society Perspective

Author:: Tobias Hauschild and Esmé Berkhout
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This report aims to identify key challenges arising from reform of the health-care system in Georgia, especially in primary health care, and to present some possible strategies to address them. It will be a useful reference document for Oxfam, our partners, and all those concerned with improving the provision of health care in Georgia.
Topic:: Civil Society, Health, and Reform
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe, Asia, and Georgia

249. Delivering Education For All in Mali

Author:: Caroline Pearce, Sébastien Fourmy, and Hetty Kovach
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world. It has been democratic since 1991, and the international community considers it to have, overall, a well-performing government and economy. But this should not mask the huge scale of the challenges facing Mali in realising even the most basic rights of its citizens. This challenge is increased by the country's vulnerability to shocks, such as the food and fuel crises.
Topic:: Education and Poverty
Political Geography:: Africa and Mali

250. Too Little, Too Slow: Why more must be done to assist Pakistan's displaced millions

Author:: Arif Azad and Shaheen Chughtai
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: It is the world's biggest and fastest human displacement in over a decade. The offensive launched by the Pakistan army against armed militants in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) at the end of April 2009 has resulted in a massive exodus requiring an enormous humanitarian response. Although exact numbers are difficult to verify, at least two million women, men, and children fled their homes in the districts of Swat, Dir and Buner, mostly during May. In late May, the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) was registering 126,000 newly displaced people per day.
Topic:: War, Armed Struggle, and Refugee Issues
Political Geography:: Pakistan

251. The Winds of Change: Climate change, poverty and the environment in Malawi

Author:: John Magrath and Elvis Sukali
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: A wind of climate change is blowing through the southern African nation of Malawi, bringing confusion to fisherfolk and farmers alike.
Topic:: Climate Change, Gender Issues, and Poverty
Political Geography:: Africa and Malawi

252. Investing in Poor Farmers Pays: Rethinking how to invest in agriculture

Author:: Emily Alpert and Melinda Smale
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In July 2008, world food prices reached their highest peak since the early 1970s. Food stocked on grocery store shelves was out of reach. Riots ensued. Millions were afflicted. Another 100 million people were pushed into the ranks of the hungry, raising the total to nearly one billion worldwide. And these numbers could climb again as food prices remain high, and continue to rise in many local markets.
Topic:: Agriculture, Poverty, Foreign Aid, and Foreign Direct Investment
Political Geography:: Africa and Asia

253. Suffering the Science: Climate change, people, and poverty

Author:: Alex Renton
Publication Date:: 07-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Climate change is a reality and its effects are apparent right now. The scientific predictions are shifting continually – they almost always look bleaker. But Oxfam's experience in nearly 100 countries is definitive: hundreds of millions of people are already suffering damage from a rapidly changing climate, which is frustrating their efforts to escape poverty. This paper is the story of the 'affected'.
Topic:: Climate Change, Poverty, Natural Resources, Food, and Famine

254. Five years of illegality: Time to dismantle the Wall and respect the rights of Palestinians

Author:: Valérie Féron
Publication Date:: 07-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The Green Line: Term used following Israel's occupation of the West Bank and GazaStrip in 1967 to refer to the post-1948 war ceasefire line (Armistice Line of 1949). The demarcation line (laid down in the cease fire agreements of 1949) is the internationally recognised border between Israel and the occupied Palestinian Territory (Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jerusalem).
Topic:: Imperialism, International Law, and Power Politics
Political Geography:: Middle East, Palestine, Arabia, and Gaza

255. Band Aids and Beyond: Tackling disasters in Ethiopia 25 years after the famine

Author:: Nick Martlew
Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 1984, one million Ethiopians died during a catastrophic famine. The government at the time hid the scale of hunger until a shocking BBC television report ignited a massive relief effort, supported by the Band Aid movement. Though this was too late for too many, thousands of lives were saved.
Topic:: Foreign Aid, Food, and Famine
Political Geography:: Africa and Ethiopia

256. Trading Away Access to Medicines: How the European Union's trade agenda has taken a wrong turn

Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Access to medicines poses a critical challenge in developing countries, largely because prices are high, and new or adapted medicines and vaccines to address diseases of the developing world are lacking. More than 5 million people in low and middle income countries still lack access to the anti-retroviral medicines needed to treat HIV and AIDS. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have unleashed a new epidemic of suffering across the developing world. Pandemics are a serious threat in rich and poor countries alike, but while rich countries can stockpile medicines, these are often unaffordable for poor countries. Most people in developing countries pay for medicines out-of-pocket, so even a slight price increase can mean that life-saving medicines are unaffordable.
Topic:: Development, Health, and Third World
Political Geography:: Europe

257. Civil Society and UNITAID: An introduction

Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: An international financing mechanism, intervening for market impact to scale up access to treatment of HIV and AIDS, TB, and malaria in developing countries.
Topic:: Development, Health, and Poverty

258. What Happened to the Seasons? Changing seasonality may be one of the major impacts of climate change

Author:: Steve Jennings and John Magrath
Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The timing of rain, and intra-seasonal rainfall patterns are critical to smallholder farmers in developing countries. Seasonality influences farmers' decisions about when to cultivate and sow and harvest. It ultimately contributes to the success or failure of their crops. Worryingly, therefore, farmers are reporting that both the timing of rainy seasons and the pattern of rains within seasons are changing. These perceptions of change are striking in that they are geographically widespread and because the changes are described in remarkably consistent terms. In this paper, we relate the perceptions of farmers from several regions(East Asia, South Asia, Southern and East Africa, and Latin America) of how seasons are changing, and in some cases, how once distinct seasons appear to be disappearing altogether, and the impacts that these changes are having. We then go on to ask two critical questions. Firstly, do meteorological observations support farmers' perceptions of changing seasonality? Secondly, to what extent are these changes consistent with predictions from climate models? We conclude that changing seasonality may be one of the major impacts of climate change faced by smallholder farmers in developing countries over the next few decades. Indeed, this may already be the case. Yet it is relatively unexplored in the literature. We also suggest some of the key adaptation responses that might help farmers cope with these changes.
Topic:: Agriculture, Climate Change, Development, and Energy Policy
Political Geography:: Africa, East Asia, and Latin America

259. Dying for Action: Decision time for an urgent, effective Arms Trade Treaty

Author:: Edmund Cairns
Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2006 the United Nations voted to start work towards an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). This was recognition by a majority of nations that the current patchwork of laws, regional agreements, and embargoes is ineffective, and insufficient to limit the catastrophic effects of easily available weaponry.
Topic:: Political Violence, Arms Control and Proliferation, United Nations, and War

260. Missing pieces? Assessing the impact of humanitarian reform in Pakistan

Author:: Nicki Bennett
Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In May 2009, Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province became the site of the world's biggest and fastest human displacement in over a decade – and the largest internal displacement ever witnessed in Pakistan's history. Within the space of only a few weeks, an estimated three million Pakistanis fled their homes to escape their army's military offensive against armed insurgents.
Topic:: Human Welfare and Foreign Aid
Political Geography:: Pakistan and South Asia

261. Harnessing Agriculture for Development

Author:: Arabella Fraser
Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Harnessing Agriculture for Development is the result of a process of research and consultation conducted within Oxfam International from the end of 2007 to mid 2008, before the full impact of the current financial crisis was felt across the developing world. It is being published at a time when we face a particularly uncertain and unstable future, with heightened perceptions of risk, but when we also have a unique opportunity to generate the kinds of policy change required to achieve a new global balance.
Topic:: Agriculture, Development, and Food

262. Climate change: time to get down to business

Publication Date:: 09-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Climate change affects poor people first and worst. It is a major obstacle to development and poverty alleviation, as well as a serious threat to business supply chains and markets in developing countries.
Topic:: Climate Change, Development, and Poverty

263. Beyond Aid: Ensuring adaptation to climate change works for the poor

Publication Date:: 09-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2000, at the UN Millennium Summit, the international community agreed a historic set of goals aimed at freeing a significant proportion of the world's population from poverty, disease, hunger, and illiteracy. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) marked a turning point for international development and brought rich and poor countries together in a shared endeavour to end poverty and suffering.
Topic:: Climate Change, International Organization, Poverty, and United Nations

264. Your Money or your Life? Will leaders act now to save lives and make health care free in poor countries?

Author:: Anna Marriott
Publication Date:: 09-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: User fees for health care are a life or death issue for millions of people in poor countries. Too poor to pay, women and children are paying with their lives. For those who do pay, over 100 million are pushed into poverty each year. This month will witness a global opportunity for world leaders to really make a difference to poor people by backing the expansion of free health care in a number of countries. The opportunity marks a true test of leaders' commitment to save lives and accelerate progress towards health care for all in our lifetime. The question is, will they pass it?
Topic:: Development, Health, and Poverty

265. Money for Nothing: Three ways the G20 could deliver up to $280 billion for poor countries

Publication Date:: 09-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This weekend the finance ministers of the G20 nations will meet in London. Whilst the rich world feels that the worst of the economic crisis may be behind it, the poorest countries are being hit hardest, with those living on the margins of the global economy paying for the bankers' folly with their lives.
Topic:: Development, Education, Health, Poverty, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: United States and London

266. Even the Himalayas Have Stopped Smiling: Climate Change, Poverty and Adaptation in Nepal

Publication Date:: 08-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In February and March 2009, Oxfam conducted interviews in rural communities in three ecological zones (Terai, Hills and Mountains) and in the Mid and Far Western Development Regions to capture a snapshot of how climate change is already affecting people living in poverty. The results were remarkably consistent with regional climate change projections, and deeply worrying.
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, and Poverty

267. From Closed Books to Open Doors: West Africa's literacy challenge

Publication Date:: 08-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2009, the world is faced with a dire economic situation. No one hesitates to call this situation a crisis, most governments have rushed to prioritise it, and, in response, wealthy countries have pledged $8.4 trillion in bank bailouts.
Topic:: Education and United Nations
Political Geography:: Africa and United States

268. How best to protect workers employed by gangmasters, five years after Morecambe Bay

Publication Date:: 07-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2008, Oxfam commissioned the Wilberforce Institute for the Study of Slavery and Emancipation, based at Hull University, to conduct an independent evaluation of the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA). The research team found that the GLA and its licensing regime were considered effective by many labour providers, unions, retailers and representatives of vulnerable workers, for its significant work in improving labour rights standards for workers and creating a more level playing field for employers. However, a significant number of unlicensed gangmasters continue to operate, and exploitation, though reduced, is still reported. Workers' fear of the consequences of blowing the whistle – loss of job, loss of accommodation, violence, and deportation – fundamentally thwarts intelligence-led enforcement. There are clear indications that some gangmasters have switched their operations to sectors beyond the remit of the GLA in which enforcement is scarce. Exploitation is endemic in the sectors of construction, hospitality, and care.
Topic:: Corruption, Crime, Labor Issues, and Financial Crisis

269. Waking the Devil: The impact of forced disarmament on civilians in the Kivus

Publication Date:: 07-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The military operations launched against the FDLR since early 2009 have been presented as a bid for the unity (Umoja Wetu) and peace (Kimia II) that have so long eluded eastern DRC. In that light they have received considerable international acclaim and support, particularly through the UN peacekeeping force, MONUC. Warnings of potentially devastating consequences for civilian protection over recent months have repeatedly met with the response that this is 'the price to pay for peace'. In May 2009, Oxfam and a number of its partners interviewed residents in some of the areas of North and South Kivu where that price is being exacted.
Topic:: Arms Control and Proliferation, Peace Studies, and United Nations
Political Geography:: United States

270. Empty Promises: What happened to 'development' in the WTO's Doha Round?

Publication Date:: 07-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Multilateralism is central to the global effort to overcome poverty and inequality. All countries stand to benefit from the stability and confidence that a rules-based global trade system can provide. Developing countries stand to benefit most, as they lack the economic and political power to pursue their demands outside such a system.
Topic:: Development, International Trade and Finance, Markets, and Third World

271. Who Cares?: How best to protect UK care workers employed through agencies and gangmasters from exploitation

Author:: Krisnah Poinasamy
Publication Date:: 11-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: There are an estimated 1.5 million workers in the adult social care workforce in the UK, working in residential care homes or providing care to people in their own homes. And with an ageing population the number of care workers is set to rise in the next two decades.
Topic:: Labor Issues and Sociology
Political Geography:: United Kingdom and Europe

272. Haiti: "A Gathering Storm"

Author:: Anita Swarup
Publication Date:: 11-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: ''The situation was bad before the hurricanes in 2008 – there was a drought - but after them it got worse and more complicated people lost what little they had – houses, crops, livestock – which creates a catastrophe of hunger in this area. We feel ashamed, we have to beg from the state and other international agencies'' Lissage Geneus, a local government official (CASEC) in Baie d'Orange.
Topic:: Climate Change and Poverty
Political Geography:: Caribbean and Haiti

273. Climate Change, Poverty and Environmental Crisis in the Disaster Prone Areas of Pakistan

Author:: Zehar Abbass
Publication Date:: 11-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This study was commissioned by Oxfam GB to review the impact of climate change on Pakistan's rural communities. The findings of the study are remarkably consistent with global, regional national climate change projections, and alarming.
Topic:: Climate Change and Environment
Political Geography:: Pakistan and South Asia

274. The Cost of War: Afghan experiences of conflict, 1978-2009

Author:: Ashley Jackson
Publication Date:: 11-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The past three decades of war and disorder have had a devastating impact on the Afghan people. Millions have been killed, millions more have been forced to flee their homes and the country's infrastructure and forests have all but been destroyed. The social fabric of the country is fractured and state institutions are fragile and weak.
Topic:: Human Rights, Human Welfare, Humanitarian Aid, and War
Political Geography:: Afghanistan

275. Bridging the Divide: The reform of global food security governance

Author:: Chris Leather
Publication Date:: 11-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Another World Food Summit is being held in Rome to discuss world food security, in the midst of a chronic global food crisis in which one billion (one in six) people go to bed hungry every day of their shortened lives. During the two-and-a-half days of the Summit, more than 60,000 people, 70 per cent of them children, will die of hunger-related causes.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Food, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Rome

276. Resilience: Working with vulnerable farmers towards climate change adaptation and food security

Author:: Jules Siedenburg, Kimberly Pfeifer, and Kelly Hauser
Publication Date:: 11-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Worldwide, 1.7 billion small-scale farmers and pastoralists are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. They live on marginal rural lands characterised by conditions such as low rainfall, sloping terrain, fragile soils, and poor market access, primarily in Africa and Asia. Such farmers are vulnerable because their farms depend directly on rainfall and temperature, yet they often have little savings and few alternative options if their crops fail or livestock die.
Topic:: Agriculture, Climate Change, and Food
Political Geography:: Africa and Asia

277. Bolivia: Climate change, poverty and adaptation

Publication Date:: 11-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Bolivia is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change for six basic reasons: It is one of the poorest countries in Latin America and suffers from one of the worst patterns of inequality. Low-income groups in developing countries are the most exposed to climate change impacts. It is the country in South America with the highest percentage of indigenous people, where much of the poverty and inequality is concentrated. It is one of the most bio-diverse countries in the world, with a wide variety of ecosystems that are vulnerable to different impacts from climate change. More than half of the country is Amazonian, with high levels of deforestation which adds to the vulnerability to flooding. Located in a climatically volatile region, it is one of the countries in the world most affected by 'natural' disasters in recent years. It is home to about twenty per cent of the world's tropical glaciers, which are retreating more quickly than predicted by many experts.
Topic:: Climate Change and Development
Political Geography:: South America, Latin America, Bolivia, and Amazon Basin

278. Climate Shame: Get back to the table Initial analysis of the Copenhagen climate talks

Author:: Kate Raworth
Publication Date:: 12-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Copenhagen was a unique opportunity to turn the world's course away from climate disaster, towards a safe future for all of us on this small planet. Massive global public mobilization demanded it. But leaders of the major powers negotiated for their national interests, instead of safeguarding our shared destiny.
Topic:: Climate Change, Development, Poverty, and Treaties and Agreements
Political Geography:: United States

279. Getting Women into Local Strategic Partnerships: Knowing your community, improving public services

Author:: Sue Smith, Antonia Bance, and Louie Fooks
Publication Date:: 12-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper, based on two pilot projects conducted by Oxfam with LSPs in Sunderland and Thurrock in 2008-9, looks at how local authorities can increase the representation and participation of women in LSPs, and how needs differ by gender. The evidence from the pilot projects clearly shows that LSPs can, and must, take concrete steps to involve women more effectively in local decision-making – and take their particular needs into consideration in setting targets for services such as transport, unemployment, and housing – in or der to improve their economic and social well-being and tackle the poverty and social exclusion they face. The paper makes a series of recommendations to those involved in LSPs as to how to do this, and gives examples of good practice.
Topic:: Economics and Gender Issues
Political Geography:: Europe

280. Tackling climate change, reducing poverty

Publication Date:: 01-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Despite being a wealthy country, in the UK poverty is an ongoing problem. According to Oxfam GB today 1 in 5 people in the UK don't have enough to live on. There were 2.9 million children and 2.5 million pensioners living in poverty in the UK in 2006/2007. Children go to school hungry, or to bed without enough food. Poor communities are in poorer health and have shorter life expectancy.
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, Environment, Globalization, and Poverty
Political Geography:: United Kingdom and Europe

281. Towards a Sustainable Cocoa Chain: Power and possibilities within the cocoa and chocolate sector

Author:: Jan Cappelle
Publication Date:: 01-2009
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The cocoa tree is an important source of income for millions of farming families in equatorial regions. Cocoa originates in the river valleys of the Amazon and the Orinoco in South America. Its discoverers, the Maya people, gave it the name 'cocoa' (or 'God's food'). Cocoa was introduced to Europe in the fifteenth century. Cocoa imports were heavily taxed, and as a result it was consumed as a drink only by the wealthy. Investment from Great Britain and The Netherlands, combined with the launch of the chocolate bar in 1842 by Cadbury, resulted in a greater demand for chocolate. This led to the gradual expansion of cocoa production, spreading to Africa in 1870.
Topic:: Economics, Globalization, International Political Economy, International Trade and Finance, Markets, and Poverty
Political Geography:: Britain, Africa, Europe, South America, Netherlands, and Amazon Basin

282. Afghanistan: Development and Humanitarian Priorities

Publication Date:: 01-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper outlines urgent action necessary to address immediate challenges in Afghanistan and to avert humanitarian disaster. It does not seek to address all issues of concern but focuses on essential policy change in development and humanitarian spheres. While aid has contributed to progress in Afghanistan, especially in social and economic infrastructure – and whilst more aid is needed – the development process has to date been too centralised, top-heavy and insufficient. It is has been prescriptive and supply-driven, rather than indigenous and responding to Afghan needs. As a result millions of Afghans, particularly in rural areas, still face severe hardship comparable with sub-Saharan Africa. Conditions of persistent poverty have been a significant factor in the spread of insecurity.
Topic:: Development
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, Africa, and Asia

283. After the cyclone: lessons from a disaster

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Late in the evening of 15 November 2007, Cyclone Sidr struck Mahmouda's home and thousands of other villages across Bangladesh's southern coastal areas, leaving around 4000 people dead and millions homeless. The initial response to the disaster was prompt and vigorous, but three months after the disaster the affected communities' needs – particularly in terms of housing and livelihoods – remain staggering.
Topic:: Development and Humanitarian Aid
Political Geography:: Bangladesh

284. Climate Wrongs and Human Rights: Putting people at the heart of climate-change policy

Publication Date:: 09-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In failing to tackle climate change with urgency, rich countries are effectively violating the human rights of millions of the world's poorest people. Continued excessive greenhouse-gas emissions primarily from industrialised nations are – with scientific certainty – creating floods, droughts, hurricanes, sea-level rise, and seasonal unpredictability. The result is failed harvests, disappearing islands, destroyed homes, water scarcity, and deepening health crises, which are undermining millions of peoples' rights to life, security, food, water, health, shelter, and culture. Such rights violations could never truly be remedied in courts of law. Human-rights principles must be put at the heart of international climate-change policy making now, in order to stop this irreversible damage to humanity's future.
Topic:: Climate Change, Human Rights, and Human Welfare

285. Community Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: The Case for a National Strategy

Author:: Matt Waldman
Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Existing measures to promote peace in Afghanistan are not succeeding. This is not only due to the revival of the Taliban, but also because little has been done to try to ensure that families, communities, and tribes - the fundamental units of Afghan society - get on better with each other. War has fractured the social fabric of the country and, in the context of severe and persistent poverty, local disputes have the potential to turn violent and to exacerbate the wider conflict. But there is no effective strategy to help Afghans deal with disputes in a peaceful and constructive way.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Development, International Cooperation, Non-Governmental Organization, and War
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, Asia, and Taliban

286. Programme Insights: The Africa Women's Protocol -- Policy, Advocacy and Programming on the Africa Women's Protocol: Overview of Oxfam GB's Support to Women's Rights Organisations and Government Stakeholders in Southern Africa

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This series of programme insights papers highlights some of the work undertaken by Oxfam GB's partners in Southern Africa to popularise and lobby for the ratification, domestication, and implementation of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women (the Africa Women's Protocol).
Topic:: Gender Issues and Non-Governmental Organization
Political Geography:: Africa and South Africa

287. Programme Insights: The Africa Women's Protocol -- Integrating the Africa Women's Protocol in the Zambia National Legal Policy and Processes: Example from WLSA

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper illustrates one example of how Oxfam GB Southern Africa Region supports the efforts of women's-rights organisations to popularise and lobby for the ratification, domestication, and implementation of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Africa Women's Protocol) in Zambia.
Topic:: Security, Gender Issues, and Non-Governmental Organization
Political Geography:: Africa, South Africa, and Zambia

288. Programme Insights: The Africa Women's Protocol -- Popularising the Africa Women's Protocol: The Experience of Malawi

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Oxfam's mission is to work with others to overcome poverty and suffering. Our interpretation of poverty goes beyond lack of finances to encompass lack of capabilities, powerlessness, and inequality. Our fight to overcome poverty and suffering focuses on the right to a sustainable livelihood, water, education, health, protection and security, a voice in public life, and freedom from discrimination. The promotion of gender equality and women's rights is therefore at the heart of our efforts.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Government, Non-Governmental Organization, and Politics
Political Geography:: Africa and Malawi

289. Programme Insights: The Africa Women's Protocol -- Monitoring the Implementation of Women's Human- Rights Instruments: The case of the Africa Gender Monitor

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper illustrates the efforts of women's-rights organisations to monitor the domestication and implementation of women's human-rights instruments such as the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Africa Women's Protocol) in Africa, using the example of the Africa Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Monitor (known as the Africa Gender Monitor or AGM). Oxfam GB Southern Africa supports the Africa Gender Monitor (AGM) .Oxfam GB works with others to overcome poverty and suffering and firmly believes that overcoming gender equality is critical to this endeavour.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Government, and Non-Governmental Organization
Political Geography:: Africa and South Africa

290. Programme Insights: The Africa Women's Protocol -- Popularising and Implementing the Africa Women's Protocol in Mozambique and South Africa

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This programme insights paper highlights some of the work supported by Oxfam GB Southern Africa to popularise and lobby for the ratification, domestication, and implementation of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women (the Africa Women's Protocol) in South Africa and Mozambique.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Government, and Non-Governmental Organization
Political Geography:: Africa, South Africa, and Mozambique

291. Programme Insights: The Africa Women's Protocol -- Power Analysis of Regional Bodies for the Effective Implementation of the Africa Women's Protocol

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Oxfam GB Southern Africa commissioned a power analysis to identify key actors necessary to support efforts aimed at the ratification, domestication, and implementation of the Africa Women's Protocol and the Abuja Declaration on Health (including HIV and AIDS). The power analysis contains a strategic analysis of key targets in the African Union and other inter-governmental organisations.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Non-Governmental Organization, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Africa

292. Programme Insights: The Africa Women's Protocol -- Policy Research on the African Women's Protocol

Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Oxfam GB Southern Africa commissioned a power analysis to identify key actors necessary to support efforts aimed at the ratification, domestication, and implementation of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Africa Women's Protocol) and the Abuja Declaration on Health (including HIV and AIDS). The power analysis contains a strategic analysis of key targets in the African Union and other inter-governmental organisations.
Topic:: Health and Non-Governmental Organization
Political Geography:: Africa and South Africa

293. The Gaza Strip: A Humanitarian Implosion

Publication Date:: 03-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The situation for 1.5 million Palestinians in the Gaza Strip is worse now than it has ever been since the start of the Israeli military occupation in 1967. The current situation in Gaza is man-made, completely avoidable and, with the necessary political will, can also be reversed.
Topic:: Human Welfare, Humanitarian Aid, and Terrorism
Political Geography:: Middle East, Israel, Palestine, and Gaza

294. Falling short: Aid effectiveness in Afghanistan

Author:: Matt Waldman
Publication Date:: 03-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Increasing insecurity and criminality is jeopardising progress in Afghanistan. With low government revenues, international assistance constitutes around 90% of all public expenditure in the country, thus how it is spent has an enormous impact on the lives of almost all Afghans and will determine the success of reconstruction and development. Given the links between development and security, the effectiveness of aid also has a major impact on peace and stability in the country. Yet thus far aid has been insufficient and in many cases wasteful or ineffective. There is therefore no time to lose: donors must take urgent steps to increase and improve their assistance to Afghanistan.
Topic:: Security and Humanitarian Aid
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Asia

295. Rethinking disasters: Why death and destruction is not nature's fault but human failure

Publication Date:: 04-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: A destructive combination of earthquakes, floods, droughts and other hazards make South Asia is the world's most disaster-prone region. The effects are aggravated by climate change, unsuitable social and development policies, and environmental degradation. The effect is to slow or block development and keep millions trapped in poverty.
Topic:: Climate Change, Disaster Relief, and Natural Disasters
Political Geography:: South Asia and Asia

296. Rethinking Food Security in Humanitarian Response

Author:: Daniel Maxwell, Patrick Webb, Jennifer Coates, and James Wirth
Publication Date:: 04-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: This paper serves as a background document to help frame discussion at the Food Security Forum in Rome, April 2008. It focuses on policy and institutional reform issues centered on the links between chronic and transitory crises. The first part of the paper provides an overview of trends and future challenges. The second considers effectiveness of the “humanitarian system” in addressing food insecurity and whether the current institutional set-up is fit for service. The third part examines links between “chronic” and “transitory” food insecurity, and whether current approaches to prevention and response appropriately bridge these two forms of vulnerability. A concluding section highlights key issues, raising questions on gaps in the humanitarian system's analytical capacity, its programmatic practices, and on food security policy more broadly.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Humanitarian Aid, and International Cooperation

297. Partnership or Power Play? How Europe should bring development into its trade deals with African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries

Publication Date:: 04-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Europe is negotiating new trade deals with African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries. A true partnership in trade could radically transform the lives of one-third of all people living in poverty, providing farmers and small businesses with sustainable incomes and workers with decent jobs. But Europe is choosing power politics over partnership. The deals currently on the table will strip ACP countries of important policy tools they need in order to develop. They will fracture regional integration, exacerbate poverty and make it harder for countries to break away from commodity dependence. Despite massive pressure, many ACP countries are holding out for a fair deal. Europe needs to rethink, and agree to change course. Ultimately, it is in its own interests to do so.
Topic:: International Political Economy and Treaties and Agreements
Political Geography:: Africa, Europe, Australia/Pacific, and Caribbean

298. Fast Forward: How the European Commission can take the lead in providing high-quality budget support for education and health

Publication Date:: 05-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Developing-country governments desperately need more long-term and predictable aid, given through their budgets, to finance the expansion of health care, education, and other vital social services. The European Commission (EC) is one of the biggest donors providing this kind of essential budget support, and has innovative plans to further improve and increase this aid. European Union (EU) member states must support these ambitious plans. The EC in turn must do more to improve on this good start, delinking this aid from harmful International Monetary Fund (IMF) prescriptions, putting an end to unnecessary bureaucratic delays, and doing more to make its aid accountable to citizens in poor countries.
Topic:: Development, Education, and Health
Political Geography:: Europe

299. Health insurance in low-income countries: Where is the evidence that it works?

Publication Date:: 05-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: Some donors and governments propose that health insurance mechanisms can close health financing gaps and benefit poor people. Although beneficial for the people able to join, this method of financing health care has so far been unable to sufficiently fill financing gaps in health systems and improve access to quality health care for the poor. Donors and governments need to consider the evidence and scale up public resources for the health sector. Without adequate public funding and government stewardship, health insurance mechanisms pose a threat rather than an opportunity to the objectives of equity and universal access to health care.
Topic:: Government, Health, and Poverty

300. Briefings for business: Business and the Millennium Development Goals

Publication Date:: 08-2008
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: “The challenge facing the international community in getting countries on track to achieve the MDGs is considerable, even more so in the face of the global challenges of inequality, climate change and impending insecurity. Global companies have a role to play: their first and most important contribution must be to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of their core business operations on human development.”
Topic:: Development, International Cooperation, International Organization, Non-Governmental Organization, and United Nations

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS